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Digital twins have emerged as novel technology in the wind energy sector that enables the design, monitoring and prediction of wind turbine performance. Despite growing attention on their potential, little is known about how digital twins are designed, by whom and how their design choices affect multiple aspects of decision making in the development of wind energy. Using a framework of co-production, this paper examines digital twins as boundary objects and the role of twinning as boundary work that involves an active process of design and affects multiple aspects of decision making in the development of wind energy. Our results demonstrate how the design of digital twins evolves throughout the twinning process, affected by regulation, choices of expert twinners on data and models, and what constitutes a matter of concern. We shed light on the role of these twinners in influencing which actors and their matters of concern are included and excluded during the twinning process. Our understanding of twinning as an active process of governance by design more clearly reveals how digital twins are not objective representations of reality, but a function of boundary work. We conclude that more transparency is needed over how digital twins are designed to enhance their role as technologies that foster a transition towards more sustainable energy systems and decision-making over wind energy technologies and their integration in landscapes.

� been regularly included in wind energy decision�ma�ing, as outlined by �reu�ers and �olsin� ������, it has not always been acted upon� �n contrast to engineering and en�ironmental e�pertise, there is an ongoing lac� of social scientific e�pertise in decisions related to upscaling wind energy� �his is in spite of the growing recognition of what is commonly referred to as the 'social acceptance' of wind energy, a major barrier to upscaling the sector ��irestone et al�, ������ �ocial acceptance is commonly reduced to 'output'�related concerns such as the �isual pollution of turbines and the obstruction of lights on landscapes ��udolph et al�, �����, the effects of noise pollution on surrounding communities ��e�ine��right, ����� �and � �oen, �����, the annoyance of shadow flic�er ��nopper et al�, �����, and safety concerns regarding 'ice throwing' by turbine blades in cold climates ��utler, ������ �hile these concerns ha�e been recognised and documented, this has typically occurred after the implementation of wind energy projects or as part of the due diligence of social and en�ironmental impact studies-in some cases, leading to the successful opposition of wind energy projects ��eusswig et al�, ������ �owe�er, as outlined by �ostera�en ������, it is far less common for such concerns to be incorporated into the �re�design of wind energy projects-in terms of not only where wind farms or turbines should be located but also their form and function across land and seascapes� �nabling the public and social scientists to contribute to and affect the outcomes of wind energy go�ernance appears necessary for mo�ing beyond technical approaches towards more integrated �with different types of �nowledge and forms of e�pertise� and inclusi�e �of different actors� approaches to upscaling wind energy� ������ �o�erning wind energy participation �he �uestion of enabling more inclusi�e forms of wind energy go�ernance to ensure both just and sustainable energy transitions across landscapes is of great contemporary importance� �e�ertheless, this �uestion is not new� �articipation in wind energy go�ernance has long been a major focus of scholarship, policy and practice �e�g� �lausen et al�, ����� �ami � �alsh, ����� �ienhoop, ����� �aarten �olsin�, ������ �owe�er, much of this literature has focused on the planned participation of local communities in siting wind par�s� �ence, researchers ha�e tended to narrow di�erse community concerns to technical issues, such as wind turbine noise ��yborg, ����� or the �isual impact of wind farms ���ller, ������ �nce narrowed, these concerns ha�e become sites of debate and inno�ation that are dominated by a narrow set of technical e�pertise and �nowledge� �here are in fact many ways that different wind energy publics �and their concerns� participate in decisions on wind energy go�ernance� �articipation processes set up by local ���

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