In conclusion, measuring ICG-PDR is a valuable method for dynamic assessment of liver function, and is found to be a valuable prognostic tool in predicting survival for septic patients, patients presenting with acute liver failure and critically ill patients.

This study demonstrates that 5-AIQ is a potent, water soluble inhibitor of PARP activity, which can significantly reduce (1) cellular injury and death caused to primary cultures of rat proximal tubular cells by oxidative stress in vitro, and (2) renal injury and dysfunction caused by I/R of the kidney of the rat in vivo.

New Findings r What is the central question of this study?Does physical inactivity influence the exercise-induced release of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in healthy humans? In young, healthy subjects, we immobilized one leg for 2 weeks, followed by 45 min two-legged exercise where one leg served as the control and the other was the previously inactive leg. r What is the main finding and its importance?We found that prior physical inactivity enhances interleukin-6 release during exercise, and it is released in the blood from the legs during exercise much faster than previously known. However, tumour necrosis factor-α is not released in the blood with exercise, even from a previously inactive leg.Data on interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release during acute exercise are not conclusive, and information is lacking about the impact of physical inactivity. Some studies have shown an increase, but others report no changes in IL-6 and TNF-α release during exercise. We have now studied the temporal relationship of leg IL-6 and TNF-α release before and during isolated two-legged exercise after 14 days of one-leg immobilization (IM) while the other leg served as the control (CON) leg. Fifteen healthy male subjects (mean ± SEM age, 23 ± 1 years; body mass index, 23.6 ± 0.7 kg m −2 ; and maximal oxygen uptake, 46.8 ± 1.4 ml kg −1 min −1 ) performed 45 min of two-legged dynamic knee-extensor exercise at 19.6 ± 0.8 W. Arterial and femoral venous blood samples from the CON and the IM leg were collected every 15 min during exercise, and leg blood flow was measured with Doppler ultrasound. The arterial plasma IL-6 concentration increased (P < 0.05) with exercise (rest, 1.3 ± 0.1 pg ml −1 ; 15 min, 1.9 ± 0.2 pg ml −1 ; 30 min, 2.4 ± 0.2 pg ml −1 ; and 45 min, 3.1 ± 0.3 pg ml −1 ). Interleukin-6 release occurred after 15 min of exercise, and the release from the IM leg was significantly greater compared with the CON leg after 45 min (1114 ± 152 versus 606 ± 14 pg min −1 , respectively, P < 0.05). Tumour necrosis factor-α release did not differ between the CON and the IM leg, and arterial concentrations remained unchanged during exercise (P > 0.05). In conclusion, prior immobilization enhances release of IL-6 from the leg during exercise at a moderate workload, and the release is already present in the early phase of exercise. Neither immobilization nor exercise had an effect on TNF-α release in the working legs.

Maximal isometric force, coordination, balance, reaction time, flexibility, maximal oxygen uptake, blood lipids and oral glucose tolerance were measured in 59 healthy untrained men and women, 60-82 years of age, before and after 5 months of 3 different kind of physical activities: gymnastics, swimming and senior dance. As a control group, 14 untrained men and women, 61-64 years of age, were recruited from a large study in Copenhagen. The results demonstrate significant improvements in neuromuscular function and blood lipids. In contrast, only minor changes were observed in glucose metabolism and maximal oxygen uptake. Five months of training, twice a week, seems therefore sacient to induce marked changes in the neuromuscular function and blood lipids of elderly people, whereas the lack of sigmficant changes in glucose metabolism and maximal oxygen uptake still need to be explained.