No abstract

Clinician-patient communication is essential to successful care and treatment. However, health training programs do not provide sufficient clinical exposure to practice communication skills that are pivotal when interacting with patients exhibiting mental health or age-related disorders. Recently, virtual reality has been used to develop simulation and training tools, in particular through embodied virtual patients (VP) offering the opportunity to engage in face-to-face human-like interactions. In this article, we overview recent developments in the literature on the use of VP-simulation tools for training communicative skills in psychiatry and geriatrics, fields in which patients have challenging social communication difficulties. We begin by highlighting the importance of verbal and non-verbal communication, arguing that clinical interactions are an interpersonal process where the patient’s and the clinician’s behavior mutually shape each other and are central to the therapeutic alliance. We also highlight the different simulation tools available to train healthcare professionals to interact with patients. Then, after clarifying what communication with a VP is about, we propose an overview of the most significant VP applications to highlight: 1) in what context and for what purpose VP simulation tools are used in psychiatry (e.g. depression, suicide risk, PTSD) and geriatrics (e.g., care needs, dementia), 2) how VP are conceptualized, 3) how trainee behaviors are assessed. We complete this overview with the presentation of VirtuAlz, our tool designed to train health care professionals in the social skills required to interact with patients with dementia. Finally, we propose recommendations, best practices and uses for the design, conduct and evaluation of VP training sessions.

Alzheimer's patients display emotional disorders and non-verbal behaviors that caregivers must learn to manage. Human actors playing the role of so-called standardized patients are often used for training but are expensive and not always available. Virtual patients are interactive animated characters who play the role of patients with whom staff can train and whose behavior can be finely controlled. We explain in this article the specific design problems of Human-Computer Interactions that they raise in terms of simulation of cognitive and communication pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease. We detail the approach we have implemented to design a virtual Alzheimer's patient and describe the results of an experiment in which 31 caregivers interacted with a partially simulated version of our system. We conclude by explaining how we plan to use the quantitative and qualitative data collected to design an automated version of the interactive virtual patient. CCS CONCEPTS• Human-centered computing; • Interaction design; • Interaction design process and methods;