The sections in this article are Introduction Importance of Light Alkenes Historical Developments Conceptual Approach Influence of Temperature on the Equilibrium Influence of Partial Pressure on the Equilibrium Energy of Alkane Dehydrogenation Formation of By‐Products Removal of Hydrogen to Shift the Equilibrium Spatial Separation of Dehydrogenation and Hydrogen Combustion Dehydrogenation and Hydrogen Combustion in a Catalyst Bed Oxidative Dehydrogenation ( ODH ) Catalytic Systems Supported Chromia Catalysts Chromia on Al 2 O 3 Supports A Structure and Reactivity B Oxidized State C Reduced State D Regeneration Chromia on Si O 2 / Zr O 2 Supports Supported Platinum/Tin Catalysts Platinum as Active Component Tin as Modifier State and Mode of Operation of Platinum and Tin A State of Pt and Sn B Mode of Operation of Pt and Sn C Ensemble Effect D Ligand Effect Role of the Support Regeneration of Supported Platinum/Tin Catalysts A Treatment with Molecular Oxygen B Treatment with Chlorine C Treatment with Hydrogen Kinetics and Mechanism Kinetics of Dehydrogenation Chromia/Alumina Catalysts A Mechanism 1 B Mechanism 2 Platinum and Platinum/Tin Catalysts Kinetics of Deactivation Reactor Concepts Endothermic Character Preheating the Feed and Carrying out the Reaction in an Adiabatic Reaction System Carrying Out the Reaction in a Heated Reactor Preheating the Catalyst and Carrying Out the Reaction in an Adiabatic Reactor Regeneration Continuous Systems Discontinuous Systems Commercial Processes UOP Oleflex Process U hde STAR Process ABB Lummus CATOFIN Process Linde PDH Process S namprogetti‐ Y arsintez FBD Process Dehydrogenation of Other Alkanes Dehydrogenation of Heavy n ‐Alkanes Dehydrogenation of Cyclohexane Future Developments Membrane Technology CO 2 as a Diluent Conclusions and Future Prospects

RAMAN‐Spektren der Schmelzen von NaPO3 und KPO3 werden beschrieben und zugeordnet. Diesen Spektren werden Ultrarotspektren (Steinsalzbereich) von Kurrolschem Kalium‐ und Kurrolschem Natrium‐Salz (B) sowie das Spektrum des Natriumtrimetaphosphats gegenübergestellt. Für das Kurrolsche Natrium‐ und Kaliumsalz werden zwei verschiedene Kettenanordnungen mit zweier‐Periodizität diskutiert. Auch die Schmelzen der Phosphate zeigen noch eine gewisse Ordnung der Ketten. Das P3O9−−− Ion hat im Kristall die Symmetrie C3v.

Es werden Schwingungsspektren von Schmelzen und Gläsern im System NaPO3−Na4P2O7 beschrieben und zugeordnet. Tri‐ und Tetraphosphatanionen liegen bei Temperaturen kurz oberhalb der Liquidus‐Kurve im System NaPO3/Na4P2O7 bei stöchiometrischer Zusammensetzung der Schmelze weitgehend als definierte Polyanionen vor. Unter bestimmten streng einzuhaltenden Bedingungen lassen sich aus diesen Schmelzen Gläser gewinnen, in denen mindestens zu 97% definierte Polyanionen vorliegen.

The conversion of bio‐based succinic acid (SA) to the value‐added chemicals 1,4‐butanediol (BDO), γ‐butyrolactone (GBL), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) can replace the corresponding petrochemical production routes to achieve a sustainable process. The reaction network for aqueous‐phase catalytic hydrogenation of succinic acid over a supported Re‐Pd catalyst was identified and the reaction kinetics was determined. With the developed kinetic model, the composition of the product mixture regarding the desired products (BDO, GBL, THF) can be described as a function of educt concentration, temperature, and pressure. The maximum BDO yield was achieved at high pressure and low temperature, while low pressure and high temperature favored GBL and THF production.

Lactic acid is a promising biogenic platform chemical which can be produced by fermentation of cellulose and hemicellulose. However, separating lactic acid from the fermentation broth is extremely costly and technically complex. We therefore investigated whether liquid/liquid extraction of lactic acid with tri-n-octylamine is a cost-effective alternative to the existing downstream processing method. In order to find an answer to this question, the structure of the middle phase of the occurring three-phase region, which is enriched with up to 20 wt. % lactic acid, was explored. The results of our IR, small-angle X-ray scattering and NMR measurements show that this phase is ionic and has a bicontinuous structure. Due to the analogy with bicontinuous microemulsions, it should be possible to further enrich the lactic acid, which could lead to a rethink regarding the design of extraction processes.