Idiopathic spinal cord herniation, unlike spinal cord herniation with a known traumatic or postoperative origin, is a relatively rare condition; however, it has been diagnosed and reported with increasing frequency in recent years. Such herniation most often occurs in the thoracic spine, between the T4 and T7 vertebrae. Brown-Séquard syndrome is the most frequently reported clinical feature. Early manifestations may include numbness and decreased temperature sensation in the legs, gait disturbances, pain, and incontinence. Symptoms often worsen over time, but timely diagnosis and treatment may allow the reversal of neurologic deficits. Surgical reduction typically is performed in patients with a history of symptom progression, but patients whose symptoms are less severe may be eligible for less invasive therapy and monitoring. Imaging features of spinal cord herniation generally include a dural tear through which a portion of the cord protrudes. Cerebrospinal fluid flows freely through the defect, causing increased turbulence in the fluid just dorsal to the site of herniation. The observation of this feature may allow the differentiation of spinal cord herniation from an arachnoid cyst. In addition, the calcification of nucleus pulposus leakage from a herniated disk may produce a linear area of hyperattenuation at computed tomography or signal hyperintensity at magnetic resonance imaging, an imaging feature known as the "nuclear trail" sign.

All imaging methods can provide complementary information regarding sterno-clavicular tubercular involvement that is helpful for determination of the therapy. MRI is useful in determining the extent of the lesion, particularly marrow involvement and soft tissue extent.

ObjectiveCongenital abnormalities of the spine and spinal cord are referred to as spinal dysraphisms. This article reviews nor mal embryological development of the spine and spinal cord and the imaging findings of congenital abnormalities of the spine and spinal cord with particular focus on MRI. ConclusionKnowledge of the normal development of the spine and spinal cord provides a framework for understanding these complex entities.

Using a pre-specified protocol, cardiac and non-cardiac MRIs were performed in CIED patients with pacemaker dependency, abandoned leads, or depleted batteries without occurrence of major adverse events. Patients with devices on advisory need to be monitored carefully during MRI, especially if they are pacemaker dependent.

Genital tuberculosis is an important cause of infertility in developing countries and hysterosalpingography (HSG) is the initial procedure performed for the evaluation. Reviewing 37 cases of female genital tuberculosis, we encountered various appearances on HSG. Of 579 HSGs performed over a period of 4 years, 492 (85%) were performed as part of infertility work up. Genital tuberculosis was found in 6.3% of all the patients who underwent HSGs and 7.5% of all patients investigated for infertility. The various features of proven tuberculosis cases are illustrated in this pictorial review. We briefly discuss the pathology and these appearances along with radiopathological correlation.