Background. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity of infection, and risk factors associated with urinary schistosomiasis among children in Murbai and Surbai communities of Ardo-Kola Local Government Area (LGA), Taraba State, Nigeria. Methods. Urine samples were analysed by the standard filtration technique using 10 ml syringe, Swinnex polypropylene filter holder (13 mm diameter), and polycarbonate membrane filters (12 μm porosity). Sociodemographic data and water contact activities were collated from children using structured questionnaires. Results. A point prevalence of 58.54% was reported out of the urine samples examined. Males were significantly more infected than their female counterparts (71.15% versus 43.66%, χ 2 = 89.12, p = 0.000). The age-related prevalence showed 6–10 and 11–15 years significantly infected with 78.70% and 73.02%, respectively (χ 2 = 89.12, p = 0.000). Light intensity of infection, 62.51%, was significantly higher than heavy intensity, 37.48%, among the infected children (χ 2 = 365.8, p = 0.000). Water contact activities such as fishing (OR = 4.01, CI = 3.04–5.61, p = 0.000), rice farming (OR = 4.01, CI = 2.96–5.36, p = 0.000), and dry season farming (OR = 4.78, CI = 3.68–6.22, p = 0.000) were the risk factors exposing children to infection in the area. Conclusion. There is an urgent need to undertake a large scale deworming control programme using praziquantel in the area.

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the efficacy of praziquantel in reducing urinary schistosomiasis prevalence, parasite burden and morbidity rates among a previously reported sample of Schistosoma haematobium-infected children. In addition, predisposing factors for reinfection one year post-treatment were also determined. Methods: This prospective follow-up study was conducted between March 2014 and February 2015 among 675 previously reported children with urinary schistosomiasis in the Murbai and Surbai communities of Ardo Kola, Taraba State, Nigeria. A single dose of 40 mg/kg of praziquantel was administered to each infected child, with a second dose administered one month later if necessary. The number of S. haematobium eggs in urine samples was calculated at baseline and post-treatment. Results: At four weeks post-treatment, the overall cure rate was 98.1%. Among children with low and heavy parasite burdens at baseline, egg reduction rates (ERRs) were 100% and 96.5%, respectively. The vast majority of children with microhaematuria (98.7%) and proteinuria (98.6%) at baseline were cured at follow-up. Following a second dose, the ERR, overall and morbidity cure rates increased to 100%. At one year post-treatment, 272 infected children (40.3%) were re-assessed; of these, 51 children (18.8%) were reinfected. Close proximity to bodies of water (odds ratio [OR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.998–1.530; P = 0.05) and fishing (OR = 2.23, 95% CI: 0.828–6.040; P = 0.01) were significant factors that predisposed children to reinfection. Conclusion: A moderate rate of reinfection was noted. Governmental and nongovernmental organisations in Nigeria should collaborate on mass treatment and health education campaigns to reduce the incidence of urinary schistosomiasis reinfections.Keywords: Urinary Schistosomiasis; Praziquantel; Treatment Outcome; Follow-Up Study; Nigeria.

Objectives Schistosomiasis is a blood fluke parasitic illness affecting human lives in rural endemic areas. This study evaluated the performance of Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM for screening urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria. Methods Three hundred and seventy four (374) urine samples were examined. Reagent strips, urine filtration and Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM were used for analysis. Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM used 2 mL of each serum for serological examination. Then, 3 mL of each preserved serum was sent to LDBIO Diagnostics, France for re-examination with Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM and confirmation with SCHISTO Western blot (WB) IgG. The performance of the index tests was determined using sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and positive likelihood ratio (PLR). The Youden index (YI) and diagnostic accuracy (DA) were used to determine the accuracy of each test. The statistical significance was at p-value ≤0.05. Results The test had a sensitivity of 94.9%, specificity of 63.9%, positive predictive value of 72.4%, negative predictive value of 92.6%, and positive likelihood ratio of 2.62. Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM had a good Cohen’s kappa index (κ=0.68), good Youden index (YI=0.58) and good diagnostic accuracy (DA=0.78). Conclusions Schistosoma ICT Ig G - IgM has proven to be the best technique for the screening of urinary schistosomiasis in Nigeria.

Resumen Objetivos La esquistosomiasis es una enfermedad parasitaria causada por gusanos del género esquistosomazonas que afecta a humanos en zonas rurales donde el parásito es endémico. En este estudio se evalúa el rendimiento diagnóstico del test rápido Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM para la detección de la esquitosomiasis urinaria en Nigeria. Métodos Se analizaron un total de 374 muestras de orina. Para el análisis de las muestras se emplearon tiras reactivas, filtración de orina y el test de Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM. Se emplearon 2 mL de suero para el análisis serológico con el test Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM. A continuación, se enviaron 3 mL de cada muestra sérica a LDBIO Diagnostics (Francia) para un segundo análisis con el test Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM y confirmación mediante IgG SCHISTO Western blot (WB). El rendimiento de la prueba evaluada se determinó calculando la sensibilidad (Se), especifidad (Sp), valor predictivo positivo (VPP), valor predictivo negativo (VPN) y la razón de verosimilitud positiva (LR+). La exactitud de cada prueba se determinó calculando el Índice de Youden (IY) y la exactitud diagnóstica (ED). El nivel de significación estadística se determinó en un valor p≤0,05. El test Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM detectó la infección en el 63,9% de las muestras. Resultados El test mostró una sensibilidad del 94,9%, una especifidad del 63,9%, un valor predictivo positivo del 72,4%, un valor predictivo negativo del 92,6% y una razón de verosimilitud de 2,62. La técnica Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM mostró un buen índice kappa de Cohen (κ=0,68), un buen Índice de Youden (IY=0,58), así como una buena exactitud diagnóstica (ED=0,78). Conclusiones Schistosoma ICT IgG-IgM ha demostrado ser la mejor técnica para la detección de la esquistosomiasis urinaria en Nigeria.

Snail study was conducted in Jalingo and