In this study three experiments were conducted, the 1 st (a laboratory experiment) included nine treatments (T1-T9) to study the effect of using biological treatments (fungal, bacterial, yeast or yeast combined with fungi or bacteria) on chemical composition and fiber constituents of sugar beet pulp (SBP) to choose the best biological treatments for testing in the 2 nd experiment (in vitro experiment). In the 2 nd experiment, seven rations containing the best five biologically treated SBP as well as control and untreated SPB rations were used to study the effect of the experimental rations on in vitro chemical composition and nutrients disappearance. These rations included R1 (control): concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + berseem hay (BH); T2: CFM + untreated SBP+ BH; T3: CFM + SBP treated with S. cerevisiae+ BH; T5: CFM + SBP treated with T. viride + BH; T5: CFM + SBP treated with T. viride + S. cerevisiae + BH; T6: CFM + SBP treated with C. cellulasea + BH, and T7: CFM + SBP treated with C. cellulasea + S. cerevisiae + BH. In the 3 rd experiment (digestibility experiment) was carried out to study the effect of feeding the same rations on digestibility coefficients, rumen fermentations parameters, microbial protein, protozoal count, number of total bacteria and cellulolytic bacteria and some blood parameters of adult rams. Results revealed that biological treatments increased (P<0.05) CP content and decreased CF, NDF, ADF, ADL content. Digestibility coefficients, concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA's), total nitrogen, true protein, microbial protein and microbial count increased (P<0.05), nitrogen and water balances improved (P<0.05) in biologically treated SBP as compared to control and untreated SBP rations.

Objective: The present work aimed to investigate the relationship between occupational exposure to airborne molds, serum aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), and liver enzymes of workers handling wheat flour. Methods: The study included 90 bakers, 100 flour milling workers, and 100 controls with no exposure to flour dust. Workplace aspects such as temperature and relative humidity were measured. Airborne fungi were collected and identified. In all subjects included, the serum levels of AFB1, serum albumin (Alb), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were measured. Results: Air temperature and relative humidity were found to be higher in bakeries than in flour mill sections. Airborne Aspergillus species were isolated in dust particles <8 µm in size. The concentration of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger were higher in bakeries than in the flour mill sections. They were higher in the grinding section than in other mill sections. The serum AFB1-Alb adduct and ALP levels were significantly higher in bakers compared to milling workers ( p < 0.0001, p = 0.05), respectively. The liver enzymes AST and ALT were significantly higher among milling workers and bakers than controls ( p < 0.05, p < 0.0001), respectively. The duration of exposure was significantly correlated with serum AFB1 in bakers. Moreover, there was significant correlation between serum AFB1, each of ALT and AST levels in bakers. Conclusions: chronic occupational exposure to high concentrations of Aspergillus in workplaces may cause elevations in serum levels of AFB1 and liver enzymes in workers exposed to flour dust. Hence, worker protection measures should be consistently adopted and enforced at the workplace.

his study included three trials: 1-A laboratory experiment included twelve treatments to study the effect of using biological treatments (yeast, fungi and bacteria) on chemical composition and fiber constituents of sugar beet pulp (SBP) and olive cake (OC) to choose the best biological treatments to be use in in vitro and in vivo experiments. 2-In vitro experiment included five treatments to study the effect of control, untreated and treated SBP and OC on in vitro nutrients disappearance, T(1):Concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + berseem hay (BH) (control). T (2): CFM contains (40% untreated SBP + 30% untreated OC) + BH. T(3): CFM contains (40% SBP + 30% OC) treated with S. cerevisiae+ BH. T (4): CFM contains (40% SBP + 30% OC) treated with T. viride+ BH and T (5): CFM contains (40% SBP + 30% OC) treated with C. cellulasea+ BH. 3-In vivo experiment to study the effect of those experiments on sheep digestibility coefficients, rumen fermentations, microbial protein, rumen microbes and some blood parameters. The results revealed a significant improvement (P≤0.01) in CP content and a significant reduction in CF and NDF content with biological treatments. Digestibility coefficients and nutritive values were increased (P≤0.01) in treated groups, also, nitrogen balance was enhanced (P≤0.01) than untreated group. Rumen fermentations and microbes showed significant increase (P≤0.01) in treated groups. Serum total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations were more in treated groups, although they reduced urea concentration, GOT and GPT activity.

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This study amid to investigate the effect of using sugar beet pulp (SBP) untreated or treated with biological treatments to replace about 30% of common concentrate feed mixture of goat diets. In vitro experiment was carried out to study the effect of control, treated and untreated SBP on nutrients disappearance. Experimental diets included T1: Concentrate feed mixture (CFM) + Berseem hay (BH) (control). T2: CFM + untreated SBP + BH. T3: CFM + SBP treated with Sacharomyces cerevisiae + BH. T4: CFM + SBP treated with Clostridium cellulovorans + BH. T5: CFM + SBP treated with Trichoderma harzianum + BH. Thirty five female Barki goats (about 4 years old and weighing 30±1.5 kg) were randomly divided into five groups fed the experimental diets. The experimental period lasted 270 day to study the effect treatments on goat doe performance during pregnancy and lactation stages and their kids performance until weaning. A digestibility trial was carried out at the third month of pregnancy. The results revealed that biological treatments significantly (P≤0.05) increased body weight and feed intake. Also, biological treatments significantly (P≤0.05) improved chemical composition, digestibility coefficients, nitrogen balance, water balance, rumen fermentations, milk yield and composition, birth and weaning weight. It could be concluded that, inclusion of untreated or biologically treated SBP to replace 30% of common concentrate feed mixture of during pregnancy and lactation stages had remarkable improved influence on goat performance.