Latar belakang: Hipertrofi adenoid sering dilaporkan sebagai salah satu faktor penyebab terjadinya disfungsi tuba. Hubungan anatomi antara nasofaring dan adenoid memiliki implikasi terhadap tuba Eustachius yang terletak di sebelah lateral. Akhir-akhir ini telah digunakan secara luas alat diagnostik endoskopi, salah satu di antaranya adalah pemeriksaan nasoendoskopi, yang dapat memberikan visualisasi 3 dimensi secara jelas, sehingga dapat menentukan derajat adenoid terhadap struktur anatomi sekitarnya. Sebagian besar penyakit telinga tengah didahului oleh gangguan fungsi tuba Eustachius. Fungsi ventilasi merupakan fungsi tuba Eustachius yang paling penting, bertujuan untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan antara tekanan gas dalam telinga tengah dan udara di luar membran timpani. Salah satu cara untuk mengukur tekanan telinga tengah secara tak langsung, yaitu dengan timpanometri yang dapat menilai fungsi ventilasi tuba Eustachius. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan derajat adenoid menggunakan nasoendoskopi dengan tekanan telinga tengah. Metode: Penelitian observasional analitik dengan desain cross sectional, melibatkan 24 sampel yang diduga menderita hipertrofi adenoid, yang dilakukan nasoendoskopi, dan tekanan telinga tengah diukur dengan timpanometri. Data penelitian dianalisis dengan uji korelasi Spearman. Hasil: Terdapat korelasi yang cukup kuat dan signifikan antara derajat adenoid dengan tekanan telinga tengah dan tipe timpanogram (p=0,027 dan p=0,002). Kesimpulan: Semakin tinggi derajat adenoid maka tekanan telinga tengah semakin turun. Dibutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk melihat hubungan antara derajat adenoid menggunakan nasoendoskopi dengan gejala klinis dari hipertrofi adenoid.Kata kunci: Derajat adenoid, nasoendoskopi, tekanan telinga tengah ABSTRACT Background: Adenoid hypertrophy has been widely reported as one of the causes of tubal dysfunction. Anatomical relationship between the nasopharynx and adenoid has implications for the Eustachian tube which is located at the lateral wall of the nasopharynx. Recently, endoscopic diagnostic tool has been commonly used, because it provides a clear 3-dimensional visualization, to determine the degree of adenoid hypertrophy with its’ surrounding anatomical structures. Most of the middle ear disease is preceeded by Eustachian tube dysfunction. Ventilation is the most important function of the Eustachian tube which aims to maintain the balance of the gas pressure in the middle ear and the air outside the tympanic membrane. Tympanometry is one of the tools for measuring the pressure of the middle ear which indirectly assesses the function of the Eustachian tube ventilation. Purpose: To determine the relationship between the degree of adenoid using nasoendoscopy with middle ear pressure. Method: The study was observational analytic with cross sectional design. This study involved 24 patients with adenoid hypertrophy underwent nasoendoscopic examination and tympanometry for assessing middle ear pressure. Data were analyzed using Spearman test. Result: There was a fairly strong and significant correlation between adenoid hypertrophy with middle ear pressure and tympanogram type (p=0.027 and p=0.002). Conclusion: The higher the degree of adenoid hypertrophy, the lower the middle ear pressure. Further research is needed to see the relationship of the degree of adenoid with nasoendoscopy with clinical symptoms of adenoid hypertrophy.Keywords: Degree of adenoid, nasoendoscopy, middle ear pressure
Latar belakang: Karsinogenesis karsinoma nasofaring sangat kompleks, dan disebabkan oleh interaksi antara infeksi kronis Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), faktor lingkungan, dan perubahan genetik serta epigenetik. Latent Membrane Protein (LMP)-1 merupakan antigen utama EBV. LMP-1 diyakini menstimulasi ekspresi sitokin yang memengaruhi perilaku sel epitel, salah satunya adalah Interleukin (IL)- 6. IL-6 akan mengaktivasi jalur Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)3. Peningkatan ekspresi IL-6 dan STAT3 memiliki kaitan erat dalam lingkungan mikro tumor KNF, namun peran IL-6 dan STAT3 dalam modulasi migrasi dan invasi sel KNF masih belum jelas diketahui. Tujuan: Mengetahui korelasi antara ekspresi IL-6 dan ekspresi STAT3 di jaringan nasofaring dengan metastasis penderita KNF WHO tipe III LMP-1 positif. Metode: Penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional yang melibatkan 15 penderita KNF WHO tipe III LMP-1 positif. Pemeriksaan ekspresi LMP-1, IL-6, dan STAT3 menggunakan metode pewarnaan imunohistokimia, dan hasilnya dihitung dengan menggunakan software ImmunoRatio. Penentuan stadium klinis metastasis berdasarkan pemeriksaan klinis dan penunjang radiologis, kemudian dievaluasi nilai TNM menggunakan AJCC 2017. Hasil: Analisis statistik ekspresi IL-6 dan STAT3 menunjukkan korelasi yang signifikan (p=0,020) dengan koefisien korelasi r=0,592. Tidak terdapat perbedaan ekspresi IL-6 yang bermakna di antara penderita stadium III, IVa, dan IVb (p=0,116). Terdapat perbedaan ekspresi STAT3 yang signifikan di antara penderita dengan stadium III, IVa, dan IVb (p=0,038). Kesimpulan: Semakin tinggi ekspresi IL-6 maka ekspresi STAT3 pada jaringan nasofaring penderita KNF WHO tipe III LMP-1 positif semakin meningkat. Semakin tinggi stadium klinis, maka ekspresi STAT3 pada jaringan nasofaring penderita KNF WHO tipe III LMP-1 positif akan meningkat. Kata kunci: karsinoma nasofaring, Virus Epstein-Barr, LMP-1, IL-6, STAT3 ABSTRACT Background:Carcinogenesis of NPC is complex interactions among chronic EBV infection, environmental factors, genetic and epigenetic. LMP-1 is EBV’s antigen most expressed in NPC cases. LMP-1 is believed to stimulate expression of cytokines that affect the behavior of epithelial cells, i.e. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) which will activate the STAT3 pathway. Increased expression of IL-6 and STAT3 has a close relationship in tumor microenvironment of NPC patients, but the role of IL-6 and STAT3 themselves in modulation of migration and invasion of NPC cells are not yet fully understood. Purpose: To find out the correlation between IL-6 expression and STAT3 expression in the nasopharyngeal tissue of NPC patients with LMP-1 positive metastatic WHO type III. Method: Observational analytic study with cross-sectional approach involving 15 patients WHO type III LMP-1 positive NPC patients. Examination of LMP-1, IL-6, and STAT3 using immunohistochemical, and the results were calculated using ImmunoRatio. Clinical staging of metastases based on clinical examination and radiological imaging then synchronized with AJCC 2017. Result: Expressions of IL-6 and STAT3 showed significant correlation (p=0.020) with coefficient r=0.592. There were no differences in IL-6 expression among patients with stage III, IVa, and IVb (p=0.116). There were significant differences in STAT3 expression among patients with stage III, IVa, and IVb (p=0.038). Conclusion: There was a significant positive correlation between IL-6 and STAT3 in tissue from WHO type III LMP-1 positive NPC patients. The higher the clinical stage, the expression of STAT3 in the nasopharyngeal tissue of positive WHO type III LMP-1 NPC patients will increase.
Latar Belakang: Karsinoma nasofaring (KNF) merupakan keganasan yang tersering ditemukan, dan berdampak pada penurunan kualitas hidup serta memiliki mortalitas tinggi. Penanganan KNF selama ini terkendala oleh waktu tunggu yang cukup lama dalam menentukan staging KNF terutama untuk antrian pemeriksaan computed tomography scan (CT scan) dan Ultrasonography (USG). Pemeriksaan kadar DNA EBV (Deoxyribonucleic acid Epstein-Barr Virus) pada pasien yang relatif lebih mudah dan terjangkau dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi stadium dan prognosis KNF. Dengan mengetahui prognosis KNF lebih dini, maka diharapkan penanganan terhadap KNF dapat segera dilakukan. Tujuan: Mengetahui apakah kadar DNA EBV dapat dipakai untuk memprediksi stadium dan prognosis KNF dengan cara mencari hubungan antara kadar DNA EBV dengan stadium KNF. Metode: Penelitian cross sectional melibatkan 15 subjek penelitian yang terdiagnosis KNF WHO tipe 3 kemudian dilakukan staging dengan CT scan, USG abdomen, dan foto toraks, serta diambil sampel darah untuk diukur kadar DNA EBV. Hasil: Seluruh subjek penelitian mengalami peningkatan kadar DNA EBV sesuai dengan peningkatan stadium KNF. Peningkatan stadium KNF berhubungan signifikan dengan peningkatan kadar DNA EBV (p=0,001). Ukuran tumor (T) berhubungan signifikan dengan kadar DNA EBV (p=0,023), ukuran nodul (N) berhubungan signifikan dengan kadar DNA EBV (p=0,005), ada tidaknya metastasis tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan kadar DNA EBV (p=0,398). Nilai cut off kadar DNA EBV sebesar 952 kopi/ml. Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kadar DNA EBV dengan stadium klinis, dengan demikian kadar DNA EBV dapat dipertimbangkan untuk digunakan sebagai prediktor stadium dan prognosis KNF. Background: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the predominant tumor type arising in the nasopharynx, with a high mortality and affecting quality of life. NPC treatment management is hindered by long queues of Computed Tomography Scan (CT scan) and Ultrasonography (USG) examinations to ascertain the NPC staging. The examination of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA level is relatively simpler and inexpensive to predict the NPC staging and prognosis, thus, it can speed up NPC treatment. Objective: To determine whether EBV DNA level can be used to predict the NPC stage and prognosis by finding a correlation between EBV DNA level and NPC stage. Method: This was a cross-sectional study involving 15 respondents who were diagnosed as WHO type 3 NPC, and examined by CT scan, abdominal ultrasound, chest X-ray, and blood test for measuring the levels of EBV DNA to determine the stage. Results: All respondents had elevated levels of EBV DNA in accordance with NPC stage elevation. Increased NPC stages were significantly correlated with elevated levels of EBV DNA (p=0.001). The size of tumor (T) was significantly correlated with EBV DNA (p=0.023), the size of nodule (N) was significantly correlated with EBV DNA (p=0.005). The presence or absence of metastasis did not significantly correlate with EBV DNA (p=0.398). The EBV DNA cut off value was 952 copies/ml. Conclusions: There was a significant correlation between EBV DNA levels and clinical stages, hence EBV DNA can be considered to be used as NPC staging and prognosis predictor.
Background: Inverted papilloma (IP) is benign tumor of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses epithelium. Sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is epithelial malignancy of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. HPV increases epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression mediated by E5. RAS is part of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway that regulates various cell functions. Ki-67 serves as a molecular marker of tumor proliferation. Early malignant transformation often goes unnoticed. It is important to know the roles of EGFR, RAS, ERK and Ki-67 as predictor for tumor markers in IP and Sinonasal SCC. Objective: To find out the correlation of EGFR, RAS, ERK expressions towards Ki-67 expression as predictor of sinonasal IP transformation into sinonasal SCC. Method: A cross sectional study taking samples from the medical record of Dr.Saiful Anwar Hospital. The expression of EGFR, RAS, ERK and Ki-67 were examined with immunohistochemistry. Result: The estimated inner model results for direct influence of EGFR, RAS, ERK and Ki-67 towards IP and SCC were 2.352, 2.019, 2.625, and 2.213. The estimated inner model results for direct influence of EGFR, RAS and ERK towards Ki- 67 were 2.386, 3.811, and 3.00. Discussion: Previous research had reported an increase in Ki-67 index indicated the role of Ki-67 in cell tranformation of IP with dysplasia into SCC. Conclusion: EGFR, RAS and ERK expressions related to Ki-67 on IP and SCC. Increased expressions of EGFR, RAS, ERK and Ki-67 on IP indicated risk of malignant transformation. EGFR, RAS, ERK and Ki-67 could become predictors of IP transformation into SCC. ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Papiloma inverted (PI) merupakan tumor jinak epitel kavum nasi dan sinus paranasal. Karsinoma sel skuamosa (KSS) sinonasal merupakan keganasan yang berasal dari epitel mukosa kavum nasi dan sinus paranasal. HPV meningkatkan ekspresi EGFR yang dimediasi oleh E5. RAS merupakan bagian dari jaras RAS–RAF–MEK–ERK yang mengatur berbagai fungsi sel. Ki-67 berfungsi sebagai penanda molekuler proliferasi tumor. Diagnosis dini transformasi keganasan pada papiloma inverted seringkali luput dari pengamatan. Penting mengetahui peran EGFR, RAS, ERK dan Ki-67 sebagai cikal bakal penanda tumor pada IP dan KSS sinonasal. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan ekspresi EGFR, RAS, ERK terhadap Ki-67 sebagai prediksi transformasi keganasan PI sinonasal menjadi KSS sinonasal. Metode: Penelitian cross sectional, sampel penelitian diambil dari arsip rekam medis rawat jalan yang masih didapatkan preparat histopatologi papiloma inverted dan karsinoma sel skuamosa sinonasal di laboratorium Patologi Anatomi, dan dilakukan pemeriksaan ekspresi EGFR, RAS, ERK dan Ki-67 dengan imunohistokimia. Hasil: Hasil estimasi inner model untuk pengaruh langsung EGFR, RAS, ERK dan Ki-67 terhadap PI dan KSS sebesar 2,352, 2,019, 2,625 dan 2,213. Hasil estimasi inner model untuk pengaruh langsung EGFR, RAS dan ERK terhadap Ki-67 sebesar 2,386, 3,811 dan 3,00. Diskusi: Penelitian terdahulu membuktikan peningkatan indeks Ki-67 merupakan pertanda adanya peran Ki-67 pada perubahan PI dengan displasia menjadi SCC. Kesimpulan: Ekspresi EGFR, RAS dan ERK berhubungan terhadap Ki-67 pada IP dan KSS. Peningkatan ekspresi EGFR, RAS, ERK dan Ki-67 pada PI menandakan adanya risiko terjadi transformasi keganasan. EGFR, RAS, ERK dan Ki-67 dapat menjadi cikal bakal prediktor transformasi keganasan PI menjadi KSS.
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