<span>The use of the internet of things (IoT) in solar photovoltaic (PV) systems is a critical feature for remote monitoring, supervising, and performance evaluation. Furthermore, it improves the long-term viability, consistency, efficiency, and system maintenance of energy production. However, previous researchers' proposed PV monitoring systems are relatively complex and expensive. Furthermore, the existing systems do not have any backup data, which means that the acquired data could be lost if the network connection fails. This paper presents a simple and low-cost IoT-based PV parameter monitoring system, with additional backup data stored on a microSD card. A NodeMCU ESP8266 development board is chosen as the main controller because it is a system-on-chip (SOC) microcontroller with integrated Wi-Fi and low-power support, all in one chip to reduce the cost of the proposed system. The solar irradiance, ambient temperature, PV output voltage and PV output current, are measured with photo-diodes, DHT22, impedance dividers and ACS712. While, the PV output power is a product of the PV voltage and PV current. ThingSpeak, an open-source software, is used as a cloud database and data monitoring tool in the form of interactive graphics. The results showed that the system was designed to be highly accurate, reliable, simple to use, and low-cost.</span>

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Solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation has become increasingly important as a renewable source of energy due to the many benefits it offers. These benefits include the ease with which it can be allocated; the absence of noise; the longer life; the absence of pollution; the shorter amount of time required for installation; the high mobility and portability of its parts; and the capability of its output power to meet peak load requirements. DC-DC converters are typically incorporated into solar energy harvesting systems because they allow for the more efficient exploitation of solar cells. One of the difficulties is in the selection of a suitable converter since this has an effect on the operation of the PV system. This study discusses the modernisation of several different DC-DC converter topologies for solar energy harvesting systems. Some of these topologies are boost, buck-boost, single-ended primary-inductance converter (SEPIC), Cuk, and flyback. The topologies have been compared so that detailed information on the complexity of the hardware, the cost of implementation, the efficiency of the energy transfer elements, the tracking efficiency, and the efficiency of the converters can be provided. This paper will be useful as a handy reference in choosing the best converter topology for solar energy harvesting applications.

The major challenges of the high-gain DC–DC boost converters are high-voltage stress on the switch, extreme duty ratio operation, diode reverse-recovery and converter efficiency problems. There are many topologies of high-gain converters that have been widely developed to overcome those problems, especially for solar photovoltaic (PV) power-system applications. In this paper, 20 high-gain and low-power DC–DC converter topologies are selected from many topologies of available literature. Then, seven prospective topologies with conversion ratios of &gt;15 are thoroughly reviewed and compared. The selected topologies are: (i) voltage-multiplier cell, (ii) voltage doubler, (iii) coupled inductor, (iv) converter with a coupled inductor and switch capacitor, (v) converter with a switched inductor and switched capacitor, (vi) cascading techniques and (vii) voltage-lift techniques. Each topology has its advantages and disadvantages. A comparison of the seven topologies is provided in terms of the number of components, hardware complexity, maximum converter efficiency and voltage stress on the switch. These are presented in detail. So, in the future, it will be easier for researchers and policymakers to choose the right converter topologies and build them into solar PV systems based on their needs.

Photovoltaic (PV) system is an electrical generator that has been widely used. Ease of implementation, supported by a large number of potentials and needs of Green Energy, has become a factor in the increasing number and quickly applied to PV arrays. However, PV arrays have constrained related to generator conversion efficiency and the amount of power produced due to inconstant irradiation and temperature. This problem can be solved by a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) approach. This article discusses the MPPT technique with High Gain DC-DC Boost Converter using the Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm. The same P&O algorithm is also tested in the conventional converter to show performance and superiority of each converter. The results obtained show the advantages and disadvantages of each converter used in MPPT by P&O algorithm.