Background and aims This study aims to synthesize evidence on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and mortality in COVID-19 patients and factors affecting it. Methods We performed a systematic literature search from PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases from inception of databases up until 7 March 2021. Studies that met all of the following criteria were included: 1) observational studies or randomized controlled trials that report COVID-19 patients, 2) reporting DPP-4 inhibitor use, 3) mortality, and 4) mortality based on DPP-4 inhibitor use. The exposure was DPP-4 inhibitor, defined as DPP-4 inhibitor use that started prior to COVID-19 hospitalization. The control group was patients with no exposure to DPP-4 inhibitor. The outcome was mortality. The pooled effect estimate was reported as risk ratio (RR). Results There were 4,477 patients from 9 studies in this systematic review and meta-analysis. 31% of (15%, 46%) the patients use DPP-4 inhibitor. Mortality occurs in 23% (15%, 31%) of the patients. DPP-4 inhibitor was associated with lower mortality in patients with COVID-19 (RR 0.76 [0.60, 0.97], p = 0.030, I2: 44.5%, p = 0.072). Meta-regression analysis showed that the association between DPP-4 inhibitor and mortality was significantly affected by metformin (RR 1.02 [1.00, 1.04], p = 0.048) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB) use (RR 1.04 [1.01, 1.07], p = 0.006), but not age (p = 0.759), sex (reference: male, p = 0.148), and hypertension (p = 0.218). Conclusion DPP-4 inhibitor use was associated with lower mortality in COVID-19 patients, and the association was weaker in patients who were also taking metformin and/or ACE inhibitors.
Aims This meta-analysis aimed to assess the prognostic value of fasting hyperglycemia in patients with COVID-19. Methods A systematic literature search on PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were performed up until February 18, 2021. Fasting hyperglycemia was defined as fasting plasma glucose level above the reference value. The outcome of interest was poor outcome, which was a composite of mortality and severe COVID-19. The effect estimate was in odds ratio (OR). Results There were 9045 patients from 12 studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The prevalence of fasting hyperglycemia was 29%. The incidence of poor outcome was 15%. Fasting hyperglycemia was associated with poor outcome in COVID-19 (OR 4.72 [3.32, 6.72], p < 0.001; I 2 : 69.8%, p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis in patients without prior history of diabetes showed that fasting hyperglycemia was associated with poor outcome in COVID-19 (OR 3.387 [2.433, 4.714], p < 0.001; I 2 : 0, p = 0.90). Fasting hyperglycemia has a sensitivity of 0.57 [0.45, 0.68], specificity of 0.78 [0.70, 0.84], PLR of 2.6 [2.0, 3.3], NLR of 0.55 [0.44, 0.69], DOR of 5 [3, 7], and AUC of 0.74 [0.70, 0.78] for predicting poor outcome. In this pooled analysis, fasting hyperglycemia has a 32% post-test probability for poor outcome, and absence of fasting hyperglycemia confers to a 9% post-test probability. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity varies by chronic kidney disease but not by age, male (gender), hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Conclusion Fasting hyperglycemia was associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients, with or without diabetes. Prospero CRD42021237997.
Pandemi COVID 19 sangat berdampak pada berbagai bidang kehidupan terutama di bidang kesehatan. COVID 19 sangat menular dari manusia ke manusia lainnya, sehingga proteksi amatlah penting. Membludaknya kasus ini tentu saja menimbulkan masalah terutama pengadaan alat pelindung diri (APD) bagi tenaga kesehatan (nakes) yang sangat minim. Cara menggunakan APD yang benar sangat berpengaruh terhadap angka penularan COVID 19. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengetahuan dan sikap tentang penggunaan APD pada nakes di puskesmas yang ada di wilayah Kota Cimahi. Penelitian ini melibatkan 72 nakes secara langsung dalam penanganan COVID 19 di 13 puskesmas Kota Cimahi dalam contact tracing, pengambilan sampel swab, dan penanganan pasien COVID 19 yang datang ke puskesmas. Pengetahuan nakes tentang APD menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar memiliki pengetahuan cukup baik (75%) dan sikap positif (63%). Pengetahuan yang masih kurang dipahami terutama penggunaan APD saat tatap muka pelacakan kontak, indikasi pemakaian APD, prosedur pemakaian APD level 3, dan APD pada pemeriksaan pasien dengan ISPA. Sikap yang masih perlu ditingkatkan adalah dalam pentingnya penerapan protokol kesehatan saat istirahat kerja, efektivitas proteksi penggunaan penutup sepatu, kesadaran tidak menurunkan masker ke bawah dagu saat makan, dan tetap memprioritaskan penggunaan APD yang tepat dibanding kenyamanan. Pengetahuan dan sikap merupakan faktor predisposisi yang mendorong perilaku nakes dalam penggunaan APD. Pengetahuan dan sikap yang baik berpengaruh terhadap praktik penggunaan APD yang benar diharapkan dapat memberikan perlindungan yang optimal bagi nakes.
Akne vulgaris merupakan penyakit inflamasi pada kulit yang pernah diderita oleh 80 – 100% orang di dunia. Akne vulgaris dapat timbul karena adanya peradangan oleh bakteri Propionibacterium acnes. Bahan alam yang bersifat sebagai antibakteri salah satunya adalah daun brokoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Daun brokoli mengandung sejumlah senyawa aktif berupa flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid, dan steroid. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk membuktikan efek antibakteri ekstrak etanol daun brokoli (B. oleracea var. italica) terhadap pertumbuhan P. acnes secara in vitro. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental laboratorik. Objek penelitian berupa bakteri P. acnes ATCC 11827 dan daun brokoli yang dibuat menjadi ekstrak etanol daun brokoli dengan konsentrasi 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, dan 100%. Kontrol positif pada penelitian ini menggunakan klindamisin 10 µg/disk dan DMSO 4% sebagai kontrol negatif. Berdasarkan rumus Federer pengulangan uji untuk setiap konsentrasi dan kontrol dilakukan sebanyak 4 kali. Uji aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode difusi sumuran. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun brokoli tidak menghasilkan daya hambat pada seluruh konsentrasi dan sebanding dengan kontrol negatif yaitu 0 mm. Faktor yang memengaruhi hasil uji pada penelitian ini dapat berupa faktor dari ekstrak, yaitu suhu dan waktu penyimpanan, paparan cahaya, dan kadar senyawa aktif pada ekstrak. Kepekaan bakteri P. acnes terhadap ekstrak etanol daun brokoli juga dapat memengaruhi hasil penelitian. Faktor lainnya adalah faktor teknis berupa jumlah bakteri yang diinokulasikan, pemilihan media, dan antibiotic carryover. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun brokoli tidak memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap pertumbuhan P. acnes secara in vitro.
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