This paper summarizes the development of a geographic information system (GIS)-based regional loss estimation methodology for the United States funded as part of a four-and-one-half year project by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) through the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS). The methodology incorporates state-of-the-art approaches for: characterizing earth science hazards, including ground shaking, liquefaction, and landsliding; estimating damage and losses to buildings and lifelines; estimating casualties, shelter requirements and economic losses; and data entry to support loss estimates. The history of the methodology development; the methodology's scope, framework, and limitations; supporting GIS software; potential user applications; and future developments are discussed.

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Geographic area covered by the study 10 Building classification 12 Historical background of building classifications developed for insurance purposes 12 Building classification used in this study 13 Building inventory 28 Examination of existing inventory sources 28 Development of a building inventory for this study 30 Notes on inventory development applicable to specific Ground shaking-loss relationships 43 XII SUMMARY This study is the eleventh in a series of investigations, beginning in 1967, dealing with the estimation of earthquake damage to various types of buildings. A methodology is developed in this report for determining inventory and estimating losses resulting from various postulated earthquakes occurring individually and for various ensembles of earthquakes. Five broad classes of buildings are considered. The building classes studied cover most of the building types in the San Francisco Bay area with the exception of one to four family dwellings, lifeline facilities, and special types of structures such as oil refineries and storage facilities, military installations, and bridges.One to four family dwellings were considered in an earlier report (Rinehart and others, 1976). This methodology, based on the seismic record, ground shaking, construction practice, and building inventory in the San Francisco Bay area can be adapted with appropriate adjustments for use in obtaining rough estimates of probable earthquake losses in other areas of the country.Adaptation of the methodology developed for the San Francisco Bay area to other areas of the country will require careful attention to differences in design and construction practice, loss-ground shaking relationships, and inventory methods. The most difficult problem in transferring this methodology to other areas of the country will be in obtaining suitable building inventories. The building inventory method developed here depends on land-use classification in the San Francisco

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Recently, increasing interest has been shown in structural safety design using active and hybrid control systems. This interest is driven by the rapid development of intelligent control systems, advanced sensor technology, signal processing, and successful applications in the control of large flexible space structures. This paper focuses on the potential and application of advanced control technology in land-based civil structures for safety protection against natural hazard forces such as winds and earthquakes. An assessment of the state-of-the-art in structural control technology that involves multiple, diverse fields is made in this paper, and, on this basis, an integrated comprehensive research program is outlined. Treating input forces as random loads—one of the most important aspects of structural control problems, e.g., their stochastic nature and implications in the formulation, solution, and practical implementation process-are highlighted. ,1. of INTELL.