Abstract:The majority of black Aspergilli, including Aspergillus niger. Here, we provide to evidence that the exploration of sugar uptake in the filamentous fungus A. niger as a sole carbon source. The goal of this research line is determination of the growth of fungi was evaluated every 24h, measuring the colony diameter (cm). A. niger was inoculated onto two culture media: PDA: for maintains a strain as pure while Czapeck Dox Agar was used in investigation into their carbon requirement, using five different carbon sources (vizs. glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, and starch). The fungus was tested grew sparsely on the basal medium lacking in carbon, which was the control. However this fungus was found to vary from their ability to use the supplied sources of carbon. Fructose and sucrose were found to be suitable sources of carbon for a fungal isolates, whereas glucose and maltose proved good carbon source to have a higher affinity. Starch as a polysaccharide, was a poor source of carbon for the growth of this isolate. Despite earlier claims, saccharides rather than monosaccharide were breakdowns extracellularly by means of a broad range of extracellular enzyme activities from Aspergillus niger.

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is a fungal infection of the genital mucosa caused by Candida spp. This is an investigation on the isolation of Candida krusei from cervical-VVC patients in Erbil hospitals, Iraqi Kurdistan, and its identification using Chromagar medium. In this study the Susceptibility test of antifungal medications and plant extracts against C. krusei isolates were assessed by disc diffusion and agar well diffusion method, respectively. In disc diffusion method C. krusei showed various susceptibility ranges against the tested antifungal drugs: Econazole (8mm), Ketoconazole (12mm), Miconazole (10mm) and Nystatin (14mm), while in agar well diffusion method it has been showed higher susceptibilities values against ethanol and aquatic pomegranate peel extract, (15mm) when compared to antifungal drugs. As a result Pomegranate peel is an antifungal alternative that can be used to treat C. krusei. According to the LC-MS/MS Technique, both ethanolic and aquatic pomegranate peel extracts were analyzed by Mass Spectrometry and yielded many compounds such as high amount Quinic acid (ethanol: 114.574, water 97.94) mg. analyte/g. extract and Ellagic acid (Ethanol 14.604, Water 48.314) mg/g. extract, while very low amount of Luteolin (E0.005, W0.005) mg/g. extract, Naringenin (E0.007, W0.005) mg/g. extract and Apigenin (E0.003, W0.002) mg/g. extract.

Fungus Candida spp. causes vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) which is a fungal infection of the genital mucosa. This investigation was on the isolation of Candida albicans from cervical-vulvovaginal patients in Erbil hospitals, Kurdistan region, Iraq and its identification is done using phenotypic and molecular approaches. Then biofilm production was detected through phenotypic tests such as Congo red agar (CRA) and disclosure virulence genes, agglutinin-like sequence(ALS1) and hyphal wall protein (HWP1). The susceptibilities of antifungal medications and plant extracts against C. albicans isolates were then assessed. This study showed low susceptibilities values to all tested antifungals such as econazole (12mm), miconazole (12mm) and nystatin (14mm) in the disc diffusion method with the exception of ketoconazole (20mm) which had high susceptibilities values. In this research each ethanol pomegranates peel extracts (EPPE) (200mg/ml), aquatic pomegranates peel extracts (APPE) (200mg/ml) and pomegranate molasses (PM) were used. In the agar well diffusion method, C. albicans showed low susceptibilities values against (PM) (8mm). However, it showed high susceptibilities values against (EPPE) (18mm) when compared to each of the antifungal agents: econazole, miconazole and nystatin. Results of the study showed that pomegranate peel could be new therapeutic promisingekey ingredient in antifungal medications development. It is an alternate antifungal medication which is useful for C. albicans treatment.

Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) is a fungal infection caused by Candida spp. of the genital mucosa that is still a health concern for women. This is a first-of-its-kind investigation on the isolation of Candida dubliniensis, from cervical-vulvovaginal patients in Erbil hospitals. The study was carried out for isolation and identification which performed by using phenotypic and molecular approaches. A total of one hundred samples of vaginal swabs (Copan transport swabs dry (in a cover)), were taken from patients with cervical vulvovaginal candidiasis in order to test for the presence of Candida species. According to macroscopic and microscopic examination, Candida spp. was discovered in 60 of the 100 samples (60%). On CHROM agar medium, eleven nonduplicated C. dubliniensis were identified depending on color of colony (dark green colonies-blue colony). Then the species were confirmed using API 20C assay. Finally, a multiplex PCR technique was performed depending on two types of primers, which are universal and specific for identifying C. dubliniensis and the results of the CHROM agar and API 20C assays were identical with molecular method.

Thisstudypresentstheantimicrobialeffectofnaturalsurfacesecretesofsomecommonornamentalplantsleaves(Ficuselastica,PhilodendrombipinnatifidumandAglonema)againstsomepathogenicbacteria(Escherichiacoli,P.aeruginosaandStaph.Aureus),andfungi(MicrosporumgypseumandAspergillusflavus).Itwasconcludedthatalltestedwashingwateroftheplantsleavessecretesexhibitedvariousinhibitoryeffects,bothPhilodendrombipinnatifidumandAglonemacommutatumhadexhibitedmoreantibacterialactivitythanFicuselastica.WhilebothE.coliandP.aeruginosawerebeingmoresensitivethanStaph.aureus.Thesameinhibitoryeffectswereobservedwhentheplantsleavesinoculatedintheirsurfacewithpathogenicbacteria.Incontrasttobacterialinhibitoryeffects,thewashingwaterofnaturalsurfacesecretesoftestedornamentalplantsleavesinducedmyceliumgrowthofbothtestedfungi.MicrosporumgypseummyceliumgrowthinducedmorethanAspergillusflavusespeciallyincaseofthewashingwaterofFicuselasticthathavehighesteffectsat7.5/500mLofmedium.Thisstudyconcludedtheusesofornamentalplantsfortheindoorsandoutdoorstocontrolthegrowthofpathogenicmicrobesandproblemsassociatedwithhospital