Mitochondrial haplotype diversity in 27 populations of brown trout, Salmo trutta L., in Austria was investigated by sequencing the 5' end of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region. Although all populations are within the Danube drainage, 44% of all individuals carried Atlantic basin haplotypes. It is argued that the presence of these haplotypes in Austria primarily reflects introgression stemming from the stocking of hatchery-reared fish. However, several lines of evidence suggest that some natural colonization from Atlantic lineages may have contributed to the present haplotype diversity. Nonetheless, the more diverse Danubian clade is represented by regionally distinct haplotype diversity that should be protected from the continued introduction of domesticated strains of exogenous fish

Approximately 200 million people in Africa derive high-quality and low-cost proteins from fish. However, the consumption of fish is not fully exploited to combat the "triple burden" of malnutrition-obesity, undernutrition, and micronutrient deficiencies which are the leading causes of poor health in the region. There is still limited knowledge on quantitative information to guide policy makers in developing evidence-based actions that can improve the availability of and access to nutritious food for healthy and sustained diets among children and care givers. In this paper, we review the available literature with the aim of assessing and quantifying the extent to which fish contributes towards fighting food and nutrition insecurity in the Eastern Africa subregion. Key results reveal the region is characterized by fish supply deficits, and hence, low levels of fish consumed per person. Nonetheless, the increase in fish imports, and the growing supply of fish from aquaculture are likely to improve the per-capita fish intake. Fish trade is generally bidirectional, with exports exceeding imports in value terms, while significant challenges still hinder domestic and intra-regional fish trade. The Eastern Africa region is projected to realize increased fish consumption from 4.80 kg in 2013 to 5.49 kg by 2022. Rising population growth and income levels imply that the region will need 2.49 million tonnes of fish to fill the demand-supply gaps. We recommend that food security and nutritional programmes should recognize the potential of fish in providing essential micronutrients from the aspects of improved dietary quality, nutritional status, and general wellbeing of the region's fast growing population.

Microsatellites play an important role when investigating population and ecological genetics, although high effort in development and genotyping constitute a technical constraint and remains a major bottleneck. Here we use a microsatellite genotyping approach utilizing sequences of amplicons for allele calling (SSR-GBS) based on Illumina that requires less effort and time. The approach consist of development of highly polymorphic loci, sequencing of multiplexed PCR amplified microsatellites on an Illumina Miseq PE 300 platform and bioinformatic treatment of the sequenced data using custom scripts. The procedure allows automation in allele calling, which can be more reliably replicated and thereby removes biases that might prevent concatenation of datasets from different analyses. Additionally, the methodology enhances information content in the sequenced data beyond the traditional amplicon length (AL) approaches. Using 26 newly developed microsatellite markers and SSR-GBS we investigate the population genetic assessment of anthropogenically altered populations of East African Nile tilapia to show the potential of this genotyping approach. More precisely, we compare genotypic data generated considering AL and whole amplicon information (WAI). We found that genotypes based on WAI are not only able to recover a higher number of alleles but also a more detailed genetic structure pattern. We discuss the capability and importance of WAI allele calling and show perspectives for implementation in the future conservation genetic studies. More specifically, we demonstrate how the current markers and techniques might contribute useful information for studies concerning resources sustainable exploitation and conservation using the East African Nile tilapia.

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