Food packaging serves purposes of food product safety and easy handling and transport by preventing chemical contamination and enhancing shelf life, which provides convenience for consumers. Various types of materials, including plastics, glass, metals, and papers and their composites, have been used for food packaging. However, owing to consumers’ increased health awareness, the significance of transferring harmful materials from packaging materials into foods is of greater concern. This review highlights the interactions of food with packaging materials and elaborates the mechanism, types, and contributing factors of migration of chemical substances from the packaging to foods. Also, various types of chemical migrants from different packaging materials with their possible impacts on food safety and human health are discussed. We conclude with a future outlook based on legislative considerations and ongoing technical contributions to optimization of food–package interactions.

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Oil content of almond kernels ranged from 36.7% in the cultivar T12 to 79.0% in genotype T27. The major fatty acid in almond oil is oleic (62.43% in T7-76.34% in T4) followed by linoleic (13.97% in T4-29.55% in T3) and palmitic (4.97% in T2-7.51% inT3). The main tocopherol in almond oil was a-tocopherol (44.25 mg/ 100 g in T25-75.56 mg/100 g in T13) that was 44 folds higher than other tocopherols in the oil. Total tocopherol contents of almond oils ranged between 47.42 mg/100 g (T14) and 80.15 mg/100 g (T16). Among macro minerals, K was the highest (5238-14,683 mg/kg), followed by P (3475-11,123 mgkg), Ca (1798-5946 mg/kg), and Mg (2192-3591 mg/kg), whereas Na was the least (334-786 mg/kg) in almond kernel. The total polyphenol was observed in T16 (98.67 mg GAE/100 g), while the least was found in T24 (23.75 mg GAE/100 g). Antioxidant activity was high in T7 (91.18%) and low in T12 (44.59%).

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is the most important oil seed crop that cultivated widely in many regions where several environmental conditions, agronomical practices, postharvest processes, and oil extraction approaches significantly influence the quality of sesame seeds oil. The combined effect of roasting treatment and growing conditions on sesame seeds and oil was scarcely studied, therefore, this study investigated the impact of microwave roasting on the physicochemical characteristics and bioactive properties of sesame seeds and oil. Microwave roasting treatment increased the antioxidant activity, total phenolic, oil content, p-anisidine and peroxide values, and tocopherol content of sesame seed samples to different enhancement magnitudes depending on sesame growing country and microwave roasting conditions. The treatment also increased L*, a*, and b* values and reduced the moisture content of sesame seeds compared to controls. The main fatty acids in oils extracted from sesame seeds obtained from different countries were oleic and linoleic acids. 2.2.2 | Color analysis of sesame seeds Color values were measured using a Minolta Chroma meter CR 400 (Konica Minolta, Inc. Osaka, Japan). The device was calibrated against the white surface calibration plate before measurement and the L*, a*, b*, and ΔE* values were determined according to the CIELab color scale. 2.2.3 | Determination of moisture, ash, protein, and oil The amounts of moisture, ash, protein, and oil in sesame seeds were measured according to AOAC method (2010). 2.2.4 | Extraction of bioactive compounds Bioactive compounds were extracted from raw and roasted sesame seeds as described previously (Jannat et al., 2010). Briefly, ground sesame seed samples (2.5 g) were extracted in 10 ml of aqueous How to cite this article: Mohamed Ahmed IA, Musa Özcan M, Uslu N, et al. Effect of microwave roasting on color, total phenol, antioxidant activity, fatty acid composition, tocopherol, and chemical composition of sesame seed and oils obtained from different countries.

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