This study addresses multiple outcomes, namely process, implications, and possible future directions for developing English for specific purposes (ESP) materials and English learning materials in general, which ponder the dilemmatic issues in education. These are related to the abundance types of learning resources (both static and dynamic) that are sometimes not systematically evaluated and optimally utilized to support learning, the rapid growth of ICTs which at the same time diminishes civilization in human interactions, the emerging digital natives who acquire and process information in a different way, and the lack of coursebooks which integrate various learning resources. To these ends, we developed a model of resource-based learning ESP materials for mechanical engineering, evaluated the developed materials holistically, and considered the feasibility of the developed materials as well as the potential of RBL materials development for other fields. A sample of 92 mechanical engineering college students was involved as the primary data source. Three experts at ESP and materials development, RBL, and mechanical engineering participated in the preliminary field testing. Results suggested that the developed RBL ESP materials were appropriate in terms of curriculum, contents and tasks, instructional and technical design, and the quality of the learning resources.

No abstract

On Java, land leasing functions as a credit instrument when the entire rent is paid in advance. The rights obtained by the tenant/lender are the 'price' of the loan made to the land owner/borrower. A model of such transactions shows that the area leased and duration of the lease are substitutes in raising a loan of given size and that the substitution rate is related to the term structure of interest rates.It has been argued elsewhere that four contracts found in rural Java (tebasan, ijon, sewa and gade)l by which land or its produce are leased can, and do, function as credit instruments (Wijaya and Sturgess 1979;Wijaya 1981). The finding that sewa (the contract whereby land is leased for a given time for a cash rent) is a borrowingAending arrangement, and that the four contracts are discrete examples on a continuum of similar contracts, was derived from observations of this contract in two villages near Malang in East Java.2The major reasons for concluding that sewa functioned as a credit arrangement in these villages were:(a) the entire rent for the period of the lease was paid as a lump sum at the time the contract was negotiated, even if the tenant/ lender had to wait (sometimes several years) before being able to work the land;3 (b) all the land owners who leased land stated that they did so because they needed cash; (c) all the tenants stated that they had been approached by the land owners requesting a lease because the owners needed cash; and (d) most tenantAenders owned land and, like the landlord/borrower, few saw leasing arrangements as a long-term means of property management. * We dedicate this article to the memory of David Penny who provided encouragement during the early stages of this research.Hesti Wijaya is currently at Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia. I Tebasan is a contractual arrangement whereby a farmer sells a standing crop which is almost ready for harvest to a 'middleman' (penebas) who harvests and sells the produce. Ijon (derived from the Javanese word for green) covers an amazing variety of credit rransactions which are characterised by borrowing cash (usually) and repaying in kind (always) (Partadireja 1974). In the agricultural context, the farmer (borrower) transfers his rights in a green crop to the lender for payment in cash several months before harvest. The lender continues the husbandry of the crop and harvests and sells the produce. Sewa is the contract ciosest to what most economists would view as leasing land for cash. Gade, or land pawning, is an extension of sewa whereby a tenant/Iender gains the rights to use the land of an owner/borrower in exchange for a cash loan. The tenant works the land for an indefinite period until he is repaid in cash. For further details of these contracts see Wijaya and Sturgess (1979).2 See Wijaya (1981, Ch. 4) for detailed descriptions of these villages and the sampled farms within them. A brief summary is also given in Wijaya and Sturgess (1979).3 This might occur because the land was being used at the time of negotiation and paymen...

No abstract

No abstract