We have obtained high-resolution, high signal-to-noise near-UV-blue spectra of 22 very metal-poor stars (½Fe=H < À2:5) with the Subaru High Dispersion Spectrograph and measured the abundances of elements from C to Th. The metallicity range of the observed stars is À3:2 < ½Fe=H < À2:4. As found by previous studies, the star-to-star scatter in the measured abundances of neutron-capture elements in these stars is very large, much greater than could be assigned to observational errors, in comparison with the relatively small scatter in the -and iron-peak elements. In spite of the large scatter in the ratios of the neutron-capture elements relative to iron, the abundance patterns of heavy neutron-capture elements (56 Z P 72) are quite similar within our sample stars. The Ba /Eu ratios in the 11 very metal-poor stars in our sample in which both elements have been detected are nearly equal to that of the solar system r-process component. Moreover, the abundance patterns of the heavy neutroncapture elements (56 Z 70) in seven objects with clear enhancements of the neutron-capture elements are similar to that of the solar system r-process component. These results prove that heavy neutron-capture elements in these objects are primarily synthesized by the r-process. In contrast, the abundance ratios of the light neutroncapture elements (38 Z 46) relative to the heavier ones (56 Z 70) exhibit a large dispersion. Our inspection of the correlation between Sr and Ba abundances in very metal-poor stars reveals that the dispersion of the Sr abundances clearly decreases with increasing Ba abundance. This trend is naturally explained by hypothesizing the existence of two processes, one that produces Sr without Ba and another that produces Sr and Ba in similar proportions. This result should provide a strong constraint on the origin of the light neutron-capture elements at low metallicity. We have identified a new highly r-process element enhanced, metal-poor star, CS 22183À031, a giant with ½Fe=H ¼ À2:93 and ½Eu=Fe ¼ þ1:2. We also identified a new, moderately r-process-enhanced, metal-poor star, CS 30306À132, a giant with ½Fe=H ¼ À2:42 and ½Eu=Fe ¼ þ0:85. The abundance ratio of the radioactive element Th (Z ¼ 90) relative to the stable rare-earth elements (e.g., Eu) in very metal-poor stars has been used as a cosmochronometer by a number of previous authors. Thorium is detected in seven stars in our sample, including four objects for which the detection of Th has already been reported. New detections of thorium have been made for the stars HD 6268, HD 110184, and CS 30306À132. The Th/Eu abundance ratios [log (Th/ Eu)], are distributed over the range À0.10 to À0.59, with typical errors of 0.10 to 0.15 dex. In particular, the ratios in two stars, CS 31082À001 and CS 30306À132, are significantly higher than the ratio in the well-studied object CS 22892À052 and those of other moderately r-process-enhanced metal-poor stars previously reported. Since these very metal-poor stars are believed to be formed in the early Galaxy, this...

We present the design and performance of the High Dispersion Spectrograph (HDS) of the Subaru Telescope. HDS is an echelle spectrograph located at the Nasmyth focus of the telescope. The collimated beam size is 272 mm, and the echelle is 300 mm by 840 mm in total size ($31.6 \,\mathrm{gr} \,\mathrm{mm}^{-1}, R=2.8$). HDS has two cross-dispersing gratings with $400 \,\mathrm{gr} \,\mathrm{mm}^{-1}$ and $250 \,\mathrm{gr} \,\mathrm{mm}^{-1}$, which are optimized for the blue and red wavelength regions, respectively. The camera is of the catadioptric type system, consisting of three corrector lenses and a mirror. Two EEV-CCD’s with $4100 \times 2048$ pixels and a pixel size of 13.5 ${\mu \mathrm {m}}$ are used as the detector. A standard configuration with a ${0\rlap {.}{}^{\mathrm {\prime \prime }}4}$ slit gives a spectral resolution of $R=90000$, and a narrower slit width enables higher resolution of up to $R \sim 160000$. The spectrograph has sensitivities from 3000 ${Å}$ to 1 ${\mu \mathrm {m}}$, and one exposure covers a range of 1500–2500 ${Å}$, depending on the wavelength region. The throughput of the telescope and the spectrograph, including the efficiency of the detector, is about 13% in 5000–6000 ${Å}$ and about 8% at 4000 ${Å}$. The stability of the spectrograph and scattered light level are also reported.

Elemental abundance measurements have been obtained for a sample of 18 very metal-poor stars using spectra obtained with the Subaru Telescope High Dispersion Spectrograph. Seventeen stars, among which 16 are newly analyzed in the present work, were selected from candidate metal-poor stars identified in the HK survey of Beers and colleagues. The metallicity range covered by our sample is −3.1[Fe/H] −2.4. The abundances of carbon, α-elements, and iron-peak elements determined for these stars confirm the trends found by previous work. One exception is the large over-abundance of Mg, Al and Sc found in BS 16934-002, a giant with [Fe/H] = −2.8. Interestingly, this is the most metal-rich star (by about 1 dex in [Fe/H]) known with such large overabundances in these elements. Furthermore, BS 16934-002 does not share the large over-abundances of carbon that are associated with the two other, otherwise similar, extremely metal-poor stars CS 22949-037 and CS 29498-043.By combining our new results with those of previous studies, we investigate the distribution of neutron-capture elements in very metal-poor stars, focusing on the production of the light neutron-capture elements (e.g., Sr, Y, and Zr). Large scatter is found in the abundance ratios between the light and heavy neutron-capture elements (e.g., Sr/Ba, Y/Eu) for stars with low abundances of heavy neutron-capture elements.-2 -Most of these stars have extremely low metallicity ([Fe/H] −3). By contrast, the observed scatter in these ratios is much smaller in stars with excesses of heavy neutroncapture elements, and with higher metallicity. These results can be naturally explained by assuming that two processes independently enriched the neutron-capture elements in the early Galaxy. One process increases both light and heavy neutron-capture elements, and affects stars with [Fe/H] −3, while the other process contributes only to the light neutron-capture elements, and affects most stars with [Fe/H] −3.5. Interestingly, the Y/Zr ratio is similar in stars with high and low abundances of heavy neutron-capture elements. These results provide constraints on modeling of neutron-capture processes, in particular those responsible for the nucleosynthesis of light neutron-capture elements at very low metallicity. CEMP-s stars from samples of objects with metallicity near [FeEven though the abundance ratios between neutron-capture elements and lighter metals like iron exhibit significant scatter, the abundance patterns of heavy neutron-capture elements (Ba-Os) in stars with [Fe/H]< −2.5 agree very well with that of the r-process component in solar system material (e.g., Sneden et al. 1996; Westin et al. 2000;Cayrel et al. 2001). This fact indicates that the neutron-capture elements in metal-poor, non CEMP-s stars have originated from the r-process. From the abundance ratios of Ba/Eu or La/Eu, Burris et al. (2000) and Simmerer et al. (2004) concluded that significant contributions from the (main) s-process appear at [Fe/H]∼ −2.3, though small effect of the s-process is also suggested...

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