Assessing the sustainability of complex development processes requires multi-causal and integrated analyses. We develop a system-based methodology, rooted Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.in interdisciplinary discussion and consensus building between 15 experts, to construct a multi-causal diagram which examines the sustainability of the Argentine Pampaś process of agriculturization. The resulting diagram includes 25 factors and provides a big-picture of the multiple dimensions and interrelations affecting sustainability. According to this examination, the increasing concentration of production and the incorporation of technological innovations, triggered by economic and institutional factors, are the cause of environmental distresses and social changes, whose consequences for sustainability are still highly disputed. Nevertheless, the symptoms of both environmental and social unsustainability are more evident in the case of the extraPampean regions than in the Pampas. This suggests that the Pampean agriculture model should not be transferred to these regions without substantial modifications. The experts did not reach consensus on whether the agriculturization process is overall sustainable or unsustainable. Lack of consensus revolved mainly around opposing perspectives regarding the significance of the threats to environmental sustainability. The magnitude of socio-distributive unbalance and loss of rural jobs were also contentious. Yet, the paper shows how the exercise of building a joint causal diagram was undoubtedly helpful for linking piece-meal disciplinary facts, brought in from all fronts, into a comprehensive and coherent picture.
RESUMEN Durante los últimos años, se ha desatado un debate acerca de los efectos de los procesos de inversión y renovación en las áreas metropolitanas. Algunos abordan estos procesos desde la perspectiva de la incidencia de la globalización en las ciudades y concluyen que la profundización de los procesos de exclusión social tiende a generar una sociedad dual (Sassen, 1991). Efectivamente, la terciarización de la economía, la privatización de los servicios urbanos, el desarrollo de un sector inmobiliario ligado a las nuevas formas de consumo y de recreación han transformado profundamente la organización económica, social y urbana de Buenos Aires metropolitana, a partir de la década del 90. Estas intervenciones tienen en común el hecho de responder a una lógica privada reciclando, según un modelo similar, espacios dedicados anteriormente a actividades consideradas hoy obsoletas, recalificando pedazos del territorio, y provocando un aumento de los contrastes entre la zona degradada del Sur y el Norte siempre más moderno y más denso. Durante muchos años se supuso que el rol del Estado a través de sus políticas públicas, tendía a formas de integración ¿Será que en el contexto actual la tendencia ha variado drásticamente y la lógica privada va haciendo cambiar pedazos de la ciudad sin tender a esa integración? ¿Será que se está en presencia de una tendencia hacia una mayor homogeneización, en términos económicos y sociales, del territorio urbano? ¿O será posible que en un mismo territorio convivan o se integren grupos socio-económicos claramente diferenciados? ¿O que tiendan a predominar el desplazamiento y la exclusión? ¿Qué tienen de diferente estas nuevas políticas públicas e inversiones privadas con respecto a las realizadas en décadas anteriores en relación al posible desarrollo de procesos de integración? A fin de avanzar en el desarrollo de dichas preguntas, el trabajo analiza datos producidos en el marco del proyecto Procesos de cambio en la zona sur de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, en ese marco se ha desarrollado una encuesta a jefes de hogar residentes en barrios de la zona sur, que comprende 500 hogares de San Telmo y Barracas y otros 500 en el barrio de La Boca. La encuesta releva la posición de los hogares en la producción con base en la indagación de la inserción del jefe del hogar en el mercado de trabajo, la posición del hogar en torno al hábitat, las percepciones acerca del cambio urbano y el turismo, etc. Asimismo, se relevan las intervenciones de los diferentes niveles del gobierno sobre el territorio de la Ciudad, intentando mostrar sus efectos en el territorio y, recuperando, la mirada de los habitantes de los barrios. Palabras claveinformalidad urbana | acceso al suelo urbano | acceso al mercado laboral | hábitat y pobreza
Municipal government and popular participation in Latin America examines the different ways in which organizations formed by low-income groups interact with municipal government in seeking to meet their collective consumption needs (for instance water supply, sanitation, garbage collection) within the context of the structural crisis. The paper describes the contrasting strategies adopted by different income groups in response to the failure of local government to provide for these needs and discusses the different forms of relationship between popular sectors and municipal authorities. It also considers how and under what conditions the mobilization of popular sectors has allowed them to obtain more power in decision making at the municipal level.
This paper examines the formation of social organizations in the two forms of urban habitat most commonly used by low-income groups in Buenos Aires-the invasion of vacant land, mostly in peripheral areas, and the occupation of vacant buildings within the city centre. In the first, community organizations are widespread, of long standing and relatively effective. They helped develop (and negotiate for) basic infrastructrure and services and helped negotiate land tenure. Government agencies recognize them and work with them. In the second, community organizations are less evident and less effective, in part because the illegally occupied buildings are scattered between those legally owned by higher-income groups, in part because the inhabitants seek to disguise their illegal status and in part because government organizations do not recognize the legitimacy of such organizations and have made no provision to allow their tenure to be regularized.
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