Four pyrazoline analogues, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-naphthalene-1-yl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazole (3), 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-naphthalene-1-yl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (4), 3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-naphthalene-1-yl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-pyrazole (5) and 3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-5-naphthalene-1-yl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole (6) were synthesized via intermolecular cyclization between substituted chalcones and hydrazine derivatives. The compounds were synthesized in two steps. In the first step, the chalcones were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt reaction. In the second step, they were cyclized with some hydrazine derivatives to form pyrazolines by using glacial acetic acid as a catalyst and assisted by microwave irradiation. The toxicity analysis showed that compound 1 and 2 were toxic with LC50 values of 11.47 and 0.97 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, only compound 6 showed high antioxidant activity by using DPPH with an IC50 value of 4.47 μg/mL.

Three pyridine chalcones including (Z)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(pyridin-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (1), (Z)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-3- (pyridin- 3-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (2) and (Z)-1-(4-bromophenyl)-3-(pyridin-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-one (3) were synthesized by aldol condensation reactions from pyridinecarbaldehyde with 4-bromoacetophenone. In antibacterial assay, compound 3 exhibited strong activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli with the inhibition zone of 19.9; 19.5, and 17.5 mm, respectively.

Background: Disease causing bacteria such as Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa present a problem for fish farming. Treatment to remove them are generally carried out using antibiotics which have side effects on fish, the environment and humans. However, the use of antibacterial compounds derived from heterotrophic bacteria serve as a good alternative for antibiotics. Therefore, this study aimed to explore antibacterial activity in the secondary metabolite extracts of heterotrophic bacteria against Vibrio alginolyticus, Aeromonas hydrophila, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Methods: Heterotrophic bacteria namely Bacillus sp. JS04 MT102913.1, Bacillus toyonensis JS08 MT102920.1, Bacillus cereus JS10 MT102922.1, Bacillus sp. JS11 MT102923.1, Pseudoalteromonas sp. JS19 MT102924.1, Bacillus cereus JS22 MT102926.1, and Bacillus sp. strain JS25 MT102927.1 were used in this study. The sequences of these bacteria have been deposited and are available from NCBI GenBank. Each heterotrophic bacterium was cultured on 6L nutrient broth for 8 days, and extracts produced using ethyl acetate to obtain their secondary metabolites. These extracts were tested for their phytochemical contents using FT-IR and also tested for their inhibitory property in pathogenic bacteria by agar diffusion method. Results: Phytochemical test results showed that the seven heterotrophic bacterial isolates produced terpenoid compounds. Based on the inhibitory test, the secondary metabolite extracts from Bacillus sp strain JS04 had the highest inhibitory effect on the growth of pathogenic bacteria namely, V. alginolyticus (17.5 mm), A. hydrophila (16.8 mm), and P. aeruginosa (17.3 mm). Conclusion: It was concluded that the secondary metabolite extracts of heterotrophic bacteria inhibit the growth of V. alginolyticus, A. hydrophila, and P. aeruginosa.

Background: Lithocarpus bancanus or commonly called as mempening in Talang Mamak Tribe, Indonesia is a plant that is used as a traditional medicine. Objective: This study aim to evaluated antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of L. bancanus leaves extract. Material and Methods: The methanol extract was obtained by maceration of the leaves. The n-hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were prepared by successive partition process of the methanol extract. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power), CUPRAC (cupric reducing antioxidant capacity), and ABTS (2,2'-azonobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) method. Total phenolics were estimated based on the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while, aluminum chloride methods were employed to estimate total flavonoids. Antidiabetic activies was determined by inhibiting the activity of α-glucosidase method. Results: antioxidant activity assay against DPPH radical as well as the total phenolic and flavonoid content of L. bancanus leaves showed that the methanol extract possessed IC 50 value of 39.469 ± 0.273 μg/mL with total phenol and flavonoid were 11.426 ± 0.432 mg GAE/g dry weight sample and 15.423 ± 0.213 mg QE/g respectively. The FRAP, CUPRAC and ABTS values of methanol extract were 3494.302 ±0.456 , 26665.501 ± 5.940 and 2857.977 ± 0.715 μM TE/g dry weight sample respectively. Antidiabetic activity of methanol extract with IC 50 value of 30.565 ± 0.331 µg/mL. Conclusion: It could be concluded that leaves of L. bancanus have antioxidant and antidiabetic properties.

Fusarium oxysporum is one of endophyte microbes isolated from dahlia tuber (Dahlia variabilis) which has the ability to produce secondary metabolites. In this research, optimization of chemichal and physical fermentation conditions were carried out. Corn, potato, and sweet potato with particle size of 80 mesh were used as corbon sources to produce secondary metabolite for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 days respectively with ethyl acetate was used to extract secondary metabolites. The assessment of antimicrobial activity was then performed against Candida albican, Escherichia coli and Staphylacoccus aureus. A serial of metabolite concentrations 5.7 mg/ml, 3.8 mg/ml, and 1.9 mg/ml were used. The optimum inhibition against microbial pathogen growth was corn for 15 day fementation (C15). The inhibition zone against Candida albicans, E.coli, and S. aureus were 7.62±0.32, 14.15±0.09, and 15.24±0.24 mm respectively at 5.7 mg/ml metabolite concentration. The result of metabolites screening showed overall extract secondary metabolites comprised terpenoid group. The separation of the active ingredients was performed using both Thin Layer Chromatoghraphy and High Performance Liquid Chromatoghraphy (HPLC) depicted 4 component.