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Nebivolol is a third generation beta-blocker that possesses the highest selectivity for beta-1 receptors than beta-2 receptors than any other beta blocker in its class. Long-term therapy of nebivolol, in clinical trials, has been found to be very effective in increasing the left ventricular ejection fraction, reducing all-cause mortality, and reducing the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class of heart failure. The novelty of nebivolol exists in its unique nitric oxide potentiating effects in the myocardial and endothelial cells by the activation of beta-3 adrenergic receptors by which it produces most of its actions. It produces many useful effects and helps to abate the disease progression and prolongs the survival. In many clinical studies, it has been found to be safe and well tolerated. A literature search was made on PubMed database with the keywords: "Heart failure" , "Nebivolol" , and "beta-blocker" . A total of 176 articles were found and were the combination of review articles and research articles. A further selection of articles was made by the exclusion of non-relevant articles to achieve the objective of this review. It is approved for the treatment of hypertension in the United States and is under review by the federal agency, United States Food and Drugs Administration for the treatment of heart failure. This article sole intention is to review all the clinically important aspects of nebivolol on the basis of which nebivolol can be definitely considered for its inclusion in the drug therapy list for heart failure which will ease the individualization of drug therapy. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

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Background: It has been observed that several diseases either acute or chronic have a specific symptom that is emesis. Emesis leads to depletion and removal of several salts and biological essentials required in the body. Domperidone is a D2 receptor antagonist, which triggers the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and hence used in the management of nausea and vomiting. Objective: The objective of this project was to formulate a buccal patch of domperidone with the use of several polymers with a permeation enhancer. Since the oral bioavailability of domperidone is low due to gastric degradation, hence a buccal patch was prepared to determine its bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to formulate a buccal patch for better bioavailability and observe the effect of permeation enhancer with polymers. Method: The mucoadhesive buccal patch was prepared using the solvent cast method. The characterization studies were done along with the drug content and compatibility studies through FTIR. Results: It was observed that the polymers; sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC) &polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) without sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) had low drug release, which was around 68% and 72%, respectively whereas polymers with SLS had markedly increased drug release, which was around 89% and 91%, respectively. Conclusion: In order to obtain the maximum therapeutic efficacy of domperidone, buccal patches are considered much more beneficial than oral dosage form. Permeation enhancer also helps to synergize the effect of polymers which helps in better drug release and ultimately leads to better bioavailability.

Stem cells are the undifferentiated cells in the body that possess the ability to differentiate and give rise to any type of cells in the body. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in therapies involving stem cells as different treatment methods got developed. Depending on the source, there are two major kinds of stem cells, embryonic and adult stem cells. The former type is found in the embryo at the different developmental stages before the implantation and excels the latter owing to pluripotency. On the premise of the attributes of stem cells, they are touted as the "panacea for all ills" and are extensively sought for their potential therapeutic roles. There are a lot of robust pieces of evidence that have proved to cure the different ailments in the body like Huntington disease, Parkinson's disease, and Spinal cord injury with stem cell therapy but associated with adverse effects like immune rejection and teratoma formation. In this regard, the pre-morula (isolated at an early pre-morula stage) stem cells (PMSCs) are one of its kind of embryonic stem cells that are devoid of the aforementioned adverse effects. Taking the beneficial factor into account, they are being used for the treatment of disorders like Cerebral palsy, Parkinson's disorder, Aplastic anemia, Multiple sclerosis and many more. However, it is still illegal to use stem cells in the abovementioned disorders. This review encompasses different stem cells and emphasizes on PMSCs for their uniqueness in therapy as no other previously published literature reviews have taken these into consideration. Later in the review, current regulatory aspects related to stem cells are also considered.