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BACKGROUND Paracetamol has been commonly used for perioperative pain management. The perceived benefits of IV paracetamol (PCM) over oral are few if oral PCM is given sometime before surgery. We wanted to compare the effects of oral and intravenous paracetamol on perioperative pain management in patients undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy under general anaesthesia. METHODS Sixty-four female patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I / II, in the age group of 18 - 70 years, weighing 40 - 80 Kg, undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) were randomised using computer-generated random number table, into two groups. They received oral dispersible 1 g PCM tablets (group PO) at least 45 minutes prior to surgery or intravenous (IV) PCM 1 g (group PI) after induction of anaesthesia. VAS pain scores were recorded and rescue analgesia with tramadol was provided postoperatively. RESULTS The primary outcome measure, time to first rescue analgesic, was statistically similar in both groups. The secondary outcome measures i.e., pain scores, postoperative 24 hours tramadol requirements, patient satisfaction scores and complications were also comparable. CONCLUSIONS Considering the similar efficacy and side effect profile but a much lower cost of oral PCM, routine administration of oral PCM 45 minutes before induction of anaesthesia may be an acceptable alternative to routine intraoperative IV PCM infusion. KEY WORDS Paracetamol, Intravenous, Oral, VAS Pain Score, Analgesia

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This paper introduces a novel concept of threshold voltage variation analysis using stacked-FET Power amplifier (PA). In this work, a conventional adaptive biasing circuit is merged with two stacked FET which controls and minimizes the fluctuations of the threshold voltage variation for class AB PA. Analytical equations are derived to achieve much less variation of threshold voltage shift.Comparisons of threshold voltage variation using popularly used materials like Gallium Nitride, Gallium Arsenide and Silicon with predictive technology model of 65nm and 45nm is shown. With this new conception, it is possible to reduce the impact of reliability issues on PA when threshold voltage shifts significantly.

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