The horizontal gene transfer of plasmid-determined stress tolerance was achieved under lab conditions. Bacterial isolates, Enterobacter cloacae (DGE50) and Escherichia coli (DGE57) were used throughout the study. Samples were collected from contaminated marine water and soil to isolate bacterial strains having tolerance against heavy metals and antimicrobial agents. We have demonstrated plasmid transfer, from Amp(+)Cu(+)Zn(-) strain (DGE50) to Amp(-)Cu(-)Zn(+) strain (DGE57), producing Amp(+)Cu(+)Zn(+) transconjugants (DGE(TC50→57)) and Amp(+)Cu(-)Zn(+) transformants (DGE(TF50→57)). DGE57 did not carry any plasmid, therefore, it can be speculated that zinc tolerance gene in DGE57 is located on chromosome. DGE50 was found to carry three plasmids, out of which two were transferred through conjugation into DGE57, and only one was transferred through transformation. Plasmid transferred through transformation was one out of the two transferred through conjugation. Through the results of transformation it was revealed that the genes of copper and ampicillin tolerance in DGE50 were located on separate plasmids, since only ampicillin tolerance genes were transferred through transformation as a result of one plasmid transfer. By showing transfer of plasmids under lab conditions and monitoring retention of respective phenotype via conjugation and transformation, it is very well demonstrated how multiple stress tolerant strains are generated in nature.

ORIGINAL PROF-3025ABSTRACT… Infertility is very stressful event and is proven to associate with depression, anxiety, sexual dysfunction loneliness, sadness and impaired couple's relationship. Objectives: To determine the frequency of depression in infertile females and to determine the various risk factors associated with infertility and depression. Study Design: Prospective cross sectional study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Ziauddin University Karachi. Period: January to June 2014. Methodology: Infertile women were interviewed and the diagnosis and severity of depression was assessed together with the effects of different predicators such as age, duration of infertility, employment educational and socioeconomical status using PHQ-9 scale scoring. Results: This study showed that 199 (58%) of the infertile women suffered from depression. There was a statistically significant association with socio economical status while no significant association was detected with age of women, duration of infertility and educational status. Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of depression among infertile women. Depression was more among women belonging to higher socioeconomic class.

Infertility is very stressful event and is proven to associate with depression,anxiety, sexual dysfunction loneliness, sadness and impaired couple’s relationship. Objectives:To determine the frequency of depression in infertile females and to determine the various riskfactors associated with infertility and depression. Study Design: Prospective cross sectionalstudy. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Ziauddin University Karachi. Period:January to June 2014. Methodology: Infertile women were interviewed and the diagnosis andseverity of depression was assessed together with the effects of different predicators such asage, duration of infertility, employment educational and socioeconomical status using PHQ-9 scale scoring. Results: This study showed that 199 (58%) of the infertile women sufferedfrom depression. There was a statistically significant association with socio economical statuswhile no significant association was detected with age of women, duration of infertility andeducational status. Conclusion: We found a high prevalence of depression among infertilewomen. Depression was more among women belonging to higher socioeconomic class.

Background: The cancer antigen 125 “CA125” and Human Epididymis protein 4 “HE4” are among some well worked out markers for recognition of malignancy in ovarian tumors. Their different cutoffs are determined and reported by various studies and mostly used recommended cutoffs are 35.0 U/mL for CA125 and 140pmol/L for HE4. They are both reported to recognize the malignancy well, but how specific they are for benign gynecological diseases is still needed to be worked out. Aim: To determine and compare the performance of CA125 and HE4 for benign gynecological pathologies. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was performed at Gajju Khan Medical College in collaboration with Armed forces Institute of pathology (AFIP). A total of 76 women of age above 18 years age, with benign ovarian pathology, confirmed through histological evaluation were enrolled. All these were examined on both markers, i.e. CA125 and HE4. Standard cutoffs of CA125 >35.0 U/mL and HE4>140 pmol/L were used to see if the case was labeled malignant, incorrectly. SPSS 20.0 was used to manage and analyze the data. Performance of the two markers were compared by using some descriptive analysis and using chi-square test. P-value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: The median age of these women was 40 years ranging between 18 and 71. Majority (86.8%) was premenopausal, The CA125 had no difference between pre and post-menopausal women but HE4 had a significant difference with p-value 0.029. there were 10.5% incorrect labeling of malignancy when evaluated for CA125, while only 2.6% incorrect on HE4. This difference was found statistically significant between two markers with p-value 0.05. Conclusion: HE4 is better and more specific marker for benign gynecological pathologies as compared to CA125 Keywords:Benign Ovarian Epithelial, Human epididymisprotein (HE4), Cancer Antigen 125 (CA125), Specificity

Background: Breast cancer is most frequently diagnosed cancer globally but there is not any ideal economical and safer agent that not only decreases the progression but also resolve complexities associated with breast cancer such as inflammatory conditions. There was strong link between inflammation and cancer specially breast cancer. Thus by inhibiting the COX enzyme may inhibit the progression of cancer beside of its role in inflammatory conditions of breast. Study Design: Interventional In Vitro trial. Setting: Department of Pharmacology in alliance with PCMD. Period: The duration of study from April 2016 to February 2017. Methodology: For this purpose we used five cancerous lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, MCF-10, HT-29 and Hela cell lines. For demonstrating the cytotoxic effects of Apricoxib we used MTT assay (for all cell Lines) and Trypan blue dye exclusion assay (Primarily for MCF-7 cell lines). For calculation of minimum dose required for exert cytotoxic effects of Apricoxib and its selectivitytowards cancerous cells of breast tissue we calculated its IC50 value and Selectivity Index (SI) by MTT assay. Results: Apricoxib significantly reduce the viability of MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, Hela, HT-29 as assessed by MTT assay in dose dependent manner (χ2 (2) = 26.483, p<0.001), (χ2 (2) = 26.49, p<0.001), (χ2 (2) = 26.062, p<0.001) and (χ2 (2) = 26.062, p<0.001) respectively. However Apricoxib had non-significant effects on % viability of MCF-10 cell line (χ2 (2) = 4.167, p=0.654) as assessed by MTT assay. Furthermore Apricoxib had lowest IC50 value against MCF-7 cell line. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that beside of primarily anti-inflammatory effects Apricoxib have additional benefits in term of exerting the cytotoxic effects (in vitro) on cancerous cell lines as indicated by reducing the % viability and reducing the Absorbance value of test sample as compare to control. This opens the newer path for researcher to evaluate different aspects of Apricoxib in field of chemotherapy.