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Heteroatom doping is a powerful strategy to alter the electronic structure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Especially boron doping endows PAH scaffolds with electronaccepting character and Lewis acidic centers. Herein, we report that embedding a five-membered borole ring into a polycyclic skeleton imparts the π-system with antiaromatic character and thereby induces unique properties and behavior. A series of boroleembedded π-conjugated compounds were synthesized from teraryl precursors via a borylation/intramolecular electrophilic C−H borylation sequence. The obtained compounds exhibit planar structures with distorted geometries around the boron center and form columnar slipped face-to-face π-stacked structures. Among these compounds, a pyrene-fused derivative shows an intense emission with a high quantum yield in solution. This compound also exhibits high Lewis acidity, which reflects the antiaromatic character and strained structure of the borole substructure. This compound forms a Lewis acid−base adduct even with weakly Lewis basic phosphorus-containing polycyclic π-systems. Analyzing the crystal structure of the thus-obtained adduct revealed a complex between the boron-and phosphorus-embedded π-systems with a direct B−P dative bond. This complex undergoes photodissociation in the excited state and exhibits an emission exclusively from the base-free boroleembedded π-system.

Few analyses have been carried out in Japan concerning factors contributing to physical restraint of patients. We compared demographic data for 241 inpatients who were restrained during a 4-year period with data for 1093 inpatients who were not restrained in a general hospital psychiatric unit in Japan. Increased likelihood of restraint use was associated with older age, male gender, off-hours admission, involuntary hospitalization, transfer from other departments of the hospital, frequent hospitalization, absence of previous treatment, physical complications, history of suicide attempts, organic mental disorders, mental and behavioral disorders from psychoactive substance use, schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders. Importantly, physical complications not only were more prevalent among restrained than unrestrained patients, but additionally in restrained patients physical complications were associated with more prolonged hospitalization and periods under restraint than were associated with assaultive behavior or periods of unconsciousness. In conclusion, general hospital psychiatric units in Japan often treat patients with psychiatric disorders or symptoms that were associated with physical problems. Particular caution is needed in deciding whether such patients should be restrained since hospitalization may be prolonged or functional status compromised.

BackgroundExercise alleviates pain and it is a central component of treatment strategy for chronic pain in clinical setting. However, little is known about mechanism of this exercise-induced hypoalgesia. The mesolimbic dopaminergic network plays a role in positive emotions to rewards including motivation and pleasure. Pain negatively modulates these emotions, but appropriate exercise is considered to activate the dopaminergic network. We investigated possible involvement of this network as a mechanism of exercise-induced hypoalgesia.MethodsIn the present study, we developed a protocol of treadmill exercise, which was able to recover pain threshold under partial sciatic nerve ligation in mice, and investigated involvement of the dopaminergic reward network in exercise-induced hypoalgesia. To temporally suppress a neural activation during exercise, a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein-coupled receptor, hM4Di, was specifically expressed on dopaminergic pathway from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens.ResultsThe chemogenetic-specific neural suppression by Gi-DREADD system dramatically offset the effect of exercise-induced hypoalgesia in transgenic mice with hM4Di expressed on the ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons. Additionally, anti-exercise-induced hypoalgesia effect was significantly observed under the suppression of neurons projecting out of the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens as well.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the dopaminergic pathway from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens is involved in the anti-nociception under low-intensity exercise under a neuropathic pain-like state.

The aim of this paper is to carry out an explicit construction of CAP representations of GL(2) over a division quaternion algebra with discriminant two. We first construct cusp forms on such group explicitly by lifting from Maass cusp forms for the congruence subgroup Γ 0 (2). We show that this lifting is non-zero and Hecke-equivariant. This allows us to determine each local component of such a cuspidal representation. We then know that our cuspidal representations provide examples of CAP representations, and in fact, counterexamples of the Generalized Ramanujan conjecture.GL 4 (A) P 2 (A) (|det| −1/2 σ × |det| 1/2 σ). Here P 2 is the standard parabolic subgroup of GL 4 with Levi subgroup GL 2 × GL 2 . Namely π F is a CAP representation.(2) The cuspidal representations π F 's are counterexamples of the Ramanujan conjecture. 2 Basic notations 2.1 Algebraic group, real Lie groups and the 5-dimensional hyperbolic space Let B be the definite quaternion algebra over Q with discriminant d B = 2. The algebra B is given by B = Q + Qi + Qj + Qk with a basis {1, i, j, k} characterized by the conditions i 2 = j 2 = k 2 = −1, ij = −ji = k.Let G be the Q-algebraic group defined by its group of Q-rational points G(Q) = GL 2 (B).