Aims-To study the eVects of topical nipradilol, a non-selective blocker with blocking and nitroglycerin-like activities, on intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous humour dynamics in normal humans and in patients with ocular hypertension. Methods-Nipradilol (0.06%, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%) was applied to normal volunteers (n = 12) to test for IOP lowering eVects. In a second group of normal volunteers (n = 11), nipradilol (0.125% and 0.25%) and timolol (0.5%) were compared for IOP lowering eVects. After a single administration of 0.25% nipradilol, IOP, flare intensity in the anterior chamber, aqueous flow, uveoscleral outflow, tonographic outflow facility, and episcleral venous pressure were either directly measured or mathematically calculated. Topical nipradilol (0.25%) was administered to 24 patients with ocular hypertension twice daily for 8 weeks. Results-Administration of 0.25% nipradilol decreased IOP with a maximum reduction of 4.2 mm Hg lasting 12 hours. A single instillation of both 0.25% nipradilol and 0.5% timolol reduced the IOP in normotensive human subjects to the same degree. A single instillation of 0.25% nipradilol decreased the aqueous flow rate in the treated eye by 20%. Nipradilol produced no significant eVect in tonographic outflow facility or episcleral venous pressure, but uveoscleral outflow was increased.In patients with ocular hypertension, twice daily instillation of 0.25% nipradilol decreased IOP without tachyphylaxis for the 8 week test period. Conclusion-Topical nipradilol (0.25%) reduced IOP by decreasing the aqueous flow rate and probably also by increasing uveoscleral outflow. Nipradilol should be further investigated as a new antiglaucoma drug. (Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:293-299) Nipradilol is a non-selective blocker with 1 blocking and nitroglycerin-like vasodilating activities that are attributed to its nitroxyl moiety.

Abstract. We found that two inbred strains of Hatano rats bred selectively for shuttlebox avoidance responses, had different characteristics of responses to stress and adrenal function. The characteristics of male puberty, including preputial separation, sperm number, and plasma hormone levels during development, were investigated and compared between the two strains. Body weight in highavoidance (HAA) rats was consistently heavier than that in low-avoidance (LAA) rats. Although the absolute testicular weight was heavier in HAA rats than in LAA rats during the juvenile period, after the peripubertal period the inverse finding was observed. Preputial separation occurred about 7 days earlier in HAA rats than in LAA rats. The testicular and epididymal sperm head number in HAA rats was greater than that in LAA rats during the peripubertal period, but there were no differences after sexual maturation. A steep increment of plasma gonadotropin levels was observed in HAA rats, and the levels were higher in HAA rats than in LAA rats during the peripubertal period. Plasma testosterone levels began to rise at a younger age in HAA rats than in LAA rats. It was concluded that HAA males sexually mature earlier than LAA males, and that these apparent strain differences in puberty are primarily dependent on gonadotropin levels during sexual maturation.

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