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Bacterial adherence to dense hydroxyapatite (HA) and titanium (Ti) rods was examined in vitro using Streptococcus constellatus ATCC27832. Streptoccus constellatus is associated with dental abscess and was isolated from the peri-implantitis. The dense HA was etched with 5% hydrofluoric acid for 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 s Adherence to the untreated dense HA was twice as high as the adherence to the Ti. The adherence to saliva-treated Ti was 13% higher than that to untreated Ti. The adherence was increased by acid-treatment of the dense HA, following a sigmoid curve from 20 to 50 s of treatment time. The dense HA has the capacity to receive more bacterial adherence than Ti and furthermore, the etched dense HA becomes more adherent.

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