AbstrakLatar belakang: Karsinoma nasofaring adalah tumor ganas epitel nasofaring yang sampai saat ini penyebabnya belum diketahui, infeksi virus Epstein Barr dilaporkan sebagai faktor dominan terjadinya karsinoma nasofaring tetapi faktor non viral juga berperan untuk timbulnya keganasan nasofaring. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui faktor non viral yang dapat meningkatkan kejadian karsinoma nasofaring sehingga dapat mencegah dan menghindari faktor-faktor non viral tersebut. Tinjauan Pustaka: Karsinoma nasofaring merupakan tumor ganas epitel nasofaring yang penyebabnya berhubungan dengan faktor viral dan non viral diantaranya asap rokok, ikan asin, formaldehid, genetik, asap kayu bakar , debu kayu, infeksi kronik telinga hidung tenggorok, alkohol dan obat tradisional. Kesimpulan: Pembuktian secara klinis dan ilmiah terhadap faktor non viral sebagai penyebab timbulnya karsinoma nasofaring masih belum dapat dijelaskan secara pasti. Faktor non viral merupakan salah satu faktor risiko yang dapat meningkatkan angka kejadian timbulnya keganasan nasofaring Kata kunci: karsinoma nasofaring, faktor risiko, non viral AbstractBackground: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a malignant epithelial nasopharyngeal tumor that until now the cause still unknown, Epstein barr virus infection had reported as predominant occurance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma but non viral factors may also contribute to the onset of the incidence of nasopharyngeal malignancy. Purpose: To find non viral factors that may increase the incidence of nasopharyngel carcinoma in order to prevent and avoid non-viral factors Literature: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a malignant tumor that causes nasopharyngeal epithelium associated with viral and non-viral factors such as cigarette smoke, salt fish, formaldehyde, genetic, wood smoke ,wood dust, ear nose throat chronic infections, alcohol, and traditional medicine. Conclusion: Clinically and scientifically proving the non-viral factors as the cause of nasopharyngeal carcinoma can not be explained with certainty. Non-viral factors only as one risk factor that can increase the incidence of the onset of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Introduction: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a head and neck cancer with a unique geographic distribution. Indonesia is one of the countries with an intermediate incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma where 13,000 new cases are found every year or 6.2 cases/100,000 in population per year. The subcellular mechanism of the nasopharyngeal carcinoma has not been clearly confirmed, but in several studies overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor was found. Based on histopathological classification, nonkeratinizing subtypes consisting of differentiated (WHO II) and undifferentiated (WHO III) are the most frequent types in endemic areas, whereas in non-endemic areas the majority of cases are keratinizing subtype (WHO I). The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in advanced stage nonkeratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma as well as to evaluate difference in the expression between differentiated nonkeratinizing (WHO II) and undifferentiated (WHO III) nasopharyngeal carcinoma that may affect the anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: Biopsies from 34 advance stage (stage III and stage IV) nonkeratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma consisting of 17 differentiated nonkeratinizing and 17 undifferentiated carcinomas were included in the study. Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in tumor tissues was investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: Our results demonstrated that epidermal growth factor receptor was expressed in 23 out of 34 subjects (67.65%). Expression in differentiated nonkeratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma was 76.47% (13 out of 17), and it was higher than in undifferentiated carcinoma (58.82%), but there was no statistically significant difference between the two histopathological subtypes (p=0.465). Conclusions: The epidermal growth factor receptor was expressed in most cases of advance stage nonkeratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and there was no difference in the expression between differentiated nonkeratinizing (WHO II) and undifferentiated nonkeratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (WHO III).

AbstrakAspirasi benda asing bronkus adalah masalah yang sering pada anak-anak dan merupakan masalah serius serta bisa berakibat fatal. Sebagian besar aspirasi benda asing di bronkus pada anak-anak karena kecenderungan memasukkan sesuatu ke mulut, pertumbuhan gigi molar yang belum lengkap, kurangnya pengawasan dari orang tua dan lain-lain. Aspirasi jarum pentul di bronkus biasanya terjadi pada wanita remaja muslim yang menggunakan jilbab.Benda asing tajam di bronkus harus segera dikeluarkan dalam kondisi dan peralatan optimal untuk mencegah komplikasi yang timbul. Komplikasi akibat aspirasi benda asing tajam yang paling sering berupa perforasi jalan nafas, trakeitis, bronkitis, jaringan granulasi, efusi pleura dan atelektasis. Tindakan bronkoskopi merupakan pilihan untuk ekstraksi benda asing tajam yang teraspirasi. Dilaporkan dua kasus aspirasi benda asing tajam di bronkus yaitu pada seorang anak laki-laki, berusia 6 tahun dengan aspirasi paku dengan komplikasi atelektasis paru dan seorang anak perempuan, berusia 14 tahun dengan aspirasi jarum pentul tanpa komplikasi yang telah berhasil diekstraksi menggunakan bronkoskopi kaku.Kata kunci: benda asing tajam di bronkus, aspirasi paku, aspirasi jarum pentul, atelektasis, bronkoskopi kaku AbstractBronchial foreign body aspiration is a common problem in children and it is a serious problem that can be fatal. Most of bronchial foreign body aspiration occur in children because of the tendency to put something into the mouth, the molar growth is not yet complete, the lack of supervision from parents and others situation . Aspiration of a pin in the bronchi usually occurs in adolescent Muslim women who wear headscarf. Sharp foreign bodies in the bronchi must be removed immediately and the optimal equipment to prevent complications. Complications due to sharp foreign bodies aspiration most often in the form of perforation, tracheitis, bronchitis, granulation tissue, pleural effusion and atelectasis. Bronchoscopy is the management for aspirated sharp foreign body extraction Reported two cases of a sharp foreign body aspiration is a boy, aged 6 year old with nail aspiration complication with lung atelectasis and a girl, aged 14 year old with aspirations of a pin without complications that have been successfully extract using rigid bronchoscopy . Arial 9 italic

Introduction: Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma have a poor prognosis, there are several factors that cause it to happen, one of the existing therapeutic response has been inadequate. Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) has been used as a biological marker targeted therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Histopathologic subtype tumors also determine the prognosis of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Objective: The aim of the study to determine between the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor between non-keratinized differentiated and undifferentiated subtypes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and correlation with their clinical stage. Study design, Cross-sectional comparative study. Place and duration study, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Department of Pathology Anatomy in Dr. M. Djamil Hospital, Padang and Department of Pathology Anatomy in Gajah Mada University, between May 2015 until October 2015 Material and methods: We included 36 samples paraffin blocks of nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsy, respectively 18 paraffin blocks are non-keratinized differentiated and 18 non-keratinized undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma subtypes. Each sample examined EGFR expression by immunohistochemical staining methods. Results: There were positive EGFR expression results in all sample as 69.4%. Expression of EGFR positive non-keratinized differentiated subtypes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma as 77.8% and undifferentiated subtype as 61.6%. There are no significant differences of EGFR expression between non keratinized differentiated and undifferentiated subtypes nasopharyngeal carcinoma (P>0.05). There are no significant differences of EGFR expression between new and advanced stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (P>0.05). Conclusion: There were no significant differences of EGFR expression between non-keratinized differentiated and non-keratinized undifferentiated subtypes in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Analysis of the study also showed no significant differences of EGFR expression based on the clinical stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma.