Poverty is a state of deprivation, especially concerning basic necessities like food, clothing, and shelter. However, over the period, the scope of basic necessity has widened enough to include health and education. To measure poverty across the time and regions, a standardization of minimum money income in absolute terms is considered as a poverty line. The World Bank, in 2015, defined a global poverty line at $1.90 a day based on purchasing power parity (PPP) at 2011 prices. The proportion of population earning less than $1.90 is known as the poverty rate or headcount index for the given region or a country. In 2015, about 10% of the world's population was considered to be living in absolute poverty on less than $1.9 a day (World Bank 2019b). Multidimensional poverty attempts to capture acute deprivations faced by an individual across ten elements of human capability, if people are deprived of a third out of ten (weighted) indicators, they are identified as multidimensional poor, and the intensity of their poverty is measured by the percentage of deprivations they are experiencing (OPHI 2019). As in 2017, a massive 23.3% of the global population lived in multidimensional poverty (UNDP 2019).

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With the increasing popularity of entrepreneurship education programs across the world, the impact assessment of such programs has gathered considerable interest of the researchers. Growing number of studies are including entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) as a key predictor of future entrepreneurial behaviour and hence the scale for measuring ESE is central to majority of studies pertaining to entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial behaviour. This study attempts to refine the existing instruments for measuring ESE by extensively reviewing the notable scales of ESE in literature and develops a comprehensive scale of ESE relevant in the Indian context. The additional components are added to the existing scales through expert discussions with the academicians as well as entrepreneurs. The scale is further verified for its reliability and validity by using appropriate statistical methods.

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