This review article gives information about the recent advances in the synthesis of quinoline derivatives by various eco-friendly, green and clean protocols.

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a frequent cause of mortality and morbidity to patients worldwide, with great associated costs to the healthcare providers including the NHS in England. We examined trends in hospital admissions associated with adverse drug reaction in English hospitals and the accuracy of national reporting.

Background This article sought to elucidate how aspects of poverty and culture may contribute to race- and ethnicity-based disparities in cutaneous melanoma outcomes. Methods We identified published studies addressing the social determinants of melanoma. Selected review articles included US-based studies comprised of patients representing adults, children, and adolescents. Results African Americans and Hispanics diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma are more likely to present with more advanced stages of disease at diagnosis and have higher rates of mortality than their nonminority counterparts. These disparities may be a consequence of economic, social, and cultural barriers such as low income, public forms of health insurance, lower levels of education, lower levels of melanoma awareness and knowledge, and lower rates of participation in melanoma screening. No studies in the literature examined the potential impact of social injustice, English proficiency, immigrant status, and health literacy. Conclusions Substantial gaps exist in our knowledge of the pathways linking social determinants and race- and ethnicity-based disparities in melanoma. More studies are warranted to inform the development of effective interventions aimed at narrowing inequities and improving cutaneous melanoma outcomes among minority populations.

Objective To evaluate and assess the long‐term complications of using the thermo‐expandable, nickel‐titanium alloy stent (Memokath™ 051, Engineers & Doctors A/S, Hornbaek, Denmark) for managing benign ureteric strictures. Patients and methods Over a 3‐year period, 13 Memokath stents were inserted in 11 patients (mean age 58 years, range 35–85) with 12 lower ureteric strictures. The cause of the stricture was benign in all cases, i.e. radiation fibrosis in three, retroperitoneal fibrosis, ischaemic uretero‐ileal anastomosis and scarring after ureteroscopy in two each, and diathermy damage, extraluminal endometriosis and stone passage in one each. Four stents were 9 F with proximal expansion to 17 F and the other nine used were 10.5 F with proximal expansion to 20 F. The patients were followed for a mean (range) of 18 (1.5–33) months. Results No complications or side‐effects occurred with nine stents; four stents were removed at a mean (range) of 16.3 (4–33) months. Three of these had become encrusted, two of which had been placed in patients who had either a history of stone disease or recurrent urinary tract infection. The other stent had migrated. Conclusion The Memokath stent appears to have a useful role in managing benign ureteric strictures, but it must be closely monitored in patients who are predisposed to encrustation.

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