These findings suggest that eotaxin and IL-5 are strongly associated with the tissue eosinophilia of BP. Therapies which aim to inhibit production of eotaxin and IL-5 may improve the inflammation and blister formation in BP.

These findings strongly suggest that TARC may be one of the important chemokines that are involved in the pathogenesis of BP.

No abstract

In the cell cycle, the G1/S transition is controlled by the cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6‐cyclin D complex. Constitutive activation of CDK4/6 dysregulates G1/S transition, leading to oncogenic transformation. We found that 3 CDK4/6 inhibitors, abemaciclib, ribociclib, and palbociclib, exerted a cytocidal effect as well as a cytostatic effect at the G1 phase in cancer cell lines, including A549 human non–small cell lung cancer cells. Among these inhibitors, abemaciclib exhibited the most potent cytotoxic effect. The cell‐death phenotype induced by abemaciclib, which entailed formation of multiple cytoplasmic vacuoles, was not consistent with apoptosis or necroptosis. Abemaciclib blocked autophagic flux, resulting in accumulation of autophagosomes, however vacuole formation and cell death induced by abemaciclib were independent of autophagy. In addition, methuosis, a cell‐death phenotype characterized by vacuole formation induced by excessive macropinocytosis, was excluded because the vacuoles did not incorporate fluorescent dextran. Of note, both formation of vacuoles and induction of cell death in response to abemaciclib were inhibited by vacuolar‐type ATPase (V‐ATPase) inhibitors such as bafilomycin A1 and concanamycin A. Live‐cell imaging revealed that the abemaciclib‐induced vacuoles were derived from lysosomes that expanded following acidification. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that these vacuoles contained undigested debris and remnants of organelles. Cycloheximide chase assay revealed that lysosomal turnover was blocked by abemaciclib. Furthermore, mTORC1 inhibition along with partial lysosomal membrane permeabilization occurred after abemaciclib treatment. Together, these results indicate that, in cancer cells, abemaciclib induces a unique form of cell death accompanied by swollen and dysfunctional lysosomes.