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Background: Pembrolizumab is currently the standard treatment for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the association between immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and peripheral blood cell counts remains unclear. We aimed at identifying peripheral blood cell counts that may predict the development of pembrolizumab-induced irAEs. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data on consecutive patients with advanced NSCLC who received pembrolizumab monotherapy as first-line or later-line therapy at the National Cancer Center Hospital and Keio University Hospital. We used data between December 2015 and November 2018. The primary endpoint was the relationship between peripheral blood cell count data and early-onset irAEs during the 6-weeks study period. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: In total, 92 patients were evaluated, of whom 45 (48.9%) had at least one irAE during the first 6-weeks after treatment initiation. The ROC curves revealed that the optimal cutoff of pretreatment absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) for onset of irAEs were 1459, 2.320, 1.538, and 165, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed that pretreatment ALC>1450 and LMR>1.6 were significantly associated with a reduced risk for onset of any irAEs, whereas pretreatment NLR>2.3 and PLR>165 were significantly associated with an increased risk. Conclusions: The findings suggest that considering the routine availability of blood cell count data before the initiation of treatment with pembrolizumab, it may be useful in identifying early-onset irAEs during the 6-weeks study period in clinical practice.

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Background. We previously reported the results of a prospective study of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) in a cohort of patients who received carboplatin-based chemotherapy and were selected from a nationwide registry of those scheduled for moderately (MEC) or highly emetogenic chemotherapy (HEC) by the CINV Study Group of Japan. Of 1,910 previously registered patients (HEC: 1,195; MEC: 715), 400 patients received carboplatin-based chemotherapy. The frequency of CINV was determined, and the risk factors for CINV were assessed. Materials and Methods. CINV data were collected from 7-day diaries. Risk factors for CINV were identified using logistic regression models. Results. Of 400 patients scheduled for carboplatin-based chemotherapy, 267 patients received two antiemetics (5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist [5-HT 3 RA] and dexamethasone [DEX]), 118 patients received three antiemetics (5-HT 3 RA, DEX, and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist [NK 1 RA]), and 15 were nonadherent to the treatment. In these patients, the CINV overall, acute, and delayed phase rates of complete response (CR), defined as no vomiting with no rescue medication, were 67.0%, 98.2%, and 67.5%, respectively. The rates of no nausea were 55.6%, 94.0%, and 56.1%, respectively, and those of no vomiting were 81.3%, 99.0%, and 81.8%, respectively. Older age was associated with a decreased non-CR, whereas female sex, history of pregnancy-related emesis, and dual antiemetic therapy were associated with an increased non-CR during the overall period. Conclusion. In a clinical practice setting, in patients who received carboplatin-based chemotherapy, adherence is quite high and appropriate antiemetic prophylaxis requires a triple antiemetic regimen including NK 1 RA. The Oncologist 2020;25: e373-e380 Implications for Practice: For patients receiving carboplatin-based chemotherapy, triple antiemetic therapy with 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist, dexamethasone, and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist should be given prophylactically regardless of risk factor status. Correspondence: Hirotoshi Iihara, Ph.D.Antiemesis in Carboplatin-Treated Patients e376 Lung (n = 216) 154 (71.3) 213 (98.6) 156 (72.2) 136 (63.0) 204 (94.4) 137 (63.4) 185 (85.7) 213 (98.6) 188 (87.0) Abbreviation: 5HT 3 RA, 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor antagonist.