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Rough-skinned newts, captured from breeding ponds, oriented on courses that would have intersected the familiar shorelines at right angles, when released in a circular arena on land under the sun or moon. Pondward migrants oriented similarly. Reorientation failed under complete cloud cover and after 7 days of darkness in an environmental chamber, but persisted in newts whose eyes were excised and in those displaced more than 27 kilometers in darkness. Both normal and blind animals compensated for displacement in sunshine. Preliminary evidence suggests that alternative light receptors in blinded animals may be associated with the optic tectum. No evidence of olfactory guidance was observed.

For this study the heart rates of twenty-two members of a college-level music appreciation class were recorded while students listened to the first movement of Beethoven's fifth symphony. The measurements were taken at three different times over a six-week period before, during, and after experimental treatment. Experimental treatment consisted of either audiotutorial tapes or repetitive listening sessions devised for specific musical-ability groups. The same test music was used throughout the entire study to determine the effects of learning and repetitive exposure on heart rate response. A control group had no further exposure to the test music during the study. Stable segments of the test music provoked tachycardia (elevated heart rate) in the subjects, while alternating segments produced bradycardia (lowered heart rate). Heart rate response to music was found to be linked with the presence or absence of learning.Keywords: aesthetic experience, aural discrimination, heart rate, learning theory, testing. Music appreciation has been described by Machlis as an interaction of the physical, emotional, and intellectual levels of listening response.' These levels of listening response involve sensual reactions to rhythmic energy, imaginary associations conveyed by music, and aesthetic evaluations of musical design and performance. The understanding of music appreciation has been impeded by the complexity of these factors.Diserens reviewed many of the experiments designed to measure physiological responses to simple musical stimuli-for example,

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