Background: Substance misuse disorder is a chronic relapsing disorder that affects the patients and their family caregivers and management. It is associated with severe burdens in caring that decrease quality of life. Aim: This study aimed to minimize burdens and enhance the quality of life among family caregivers of patients with substance misuse disorders. Design: A quasi-experimental (single group pre/posttest) design included 128 caregivers who attend with their patients with substance misuse disorders during follow-up visits to the addiction outpatient clinic, Psychiatry center. It is affiliated to Ain Shams University Hospitals. Tools for data collection: 1) Caregiver's Interviewing Questionnaire, 2) Family Burden Interview Schedule (FBIS), 3) World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire. Results: There was a highly statistically significant relation regarding minimizing burdens among family caregivers of patients with substance misuse disorder, in post phase p<0.001 as compared to the pre-program implementation phase including financial burden, disruption of routine family activities, disruption of family leisure, disruption of family interactions, effect on the physical and mental health of caregivers. Moreover, there were statistically significant positive correlations between types of burdens and quality of life domains mean score pre-and post-program implementation among family caregivers of patients with substance misuse disorder under study. Conclusions: burdens among family caregivers of patients with substance misuse disorder have been minimized post-program implementation as compared to the pre-program. Furthermore, minimizing burdens improved the quality-of-life domains postprogram implementation among family caregivers of patients with substance misuse disorder under study. Recommendations: Designing and Implementing psychiatric nursing intervention programs for family caregivers of patients with substance misuse disorder in private and other governmental hospitals, in rural as well as urban communities to improve their quality of life.

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Background: People living with mental illness are facing many problems regarding their illness and stigma which consequently affect their self-concept. Aim: This study aimed to assess the stigma and its relation to self-concept among patients with mental disorders. Design: A descriptive correlational research design was utilized in this study. Setting: This study was carried out in the outpatient clinic of the mental health hospital, affiliated to AlFayoum University Hospitals... Subjects: This study was conducted on 246 patients with mental disorders. Sample type: Purposive sample was recruited for this study. Data collection tools: Data were obtained through three tools; 1) Interviewing Questionnaire to assess socio-demographic data and medical history of the patients with mental illness, 2) The internalized stigma of mental illness inventory, and 3) Self-concept Questionnaire. Results: this study revealed that, nearly three quarter of the studied sample (74.8%) experienced stigma, 46.3% of them had fair self-concept and more than third of them 36.6 had low self-concept, however there were statistical significance relation between stigma and levels of selfconcept and the most affected domain was self-criticism. Conclusion: this study results concluded that, the majority of the studied sample experienced stigma, and less than half of them had fair selfconcept, more than third of them had low self-concept, and there were statistical significance relation between stigma and total levels of self-concept. Recommendations: There is an urgent need for developing and implementing strategies to fight stigma associated with mental disorders which consequently affect their self-concept.

Background: Bullying is an ever-present problem occurring within preparatory schools across the world. Bullying creates personal, social, and emotional, as well as academic problems for the victim. Therefore, this study was aiming to assess bullying behaviors and its effect on preparatory school students. This study was conducted on 400 students in preparatory school students in Ashman city of Mounofyia government. Data were collected using: 1) Interviewing questionnaire including the following parts: A) Socio-demographic sheet. B) bullying behavior scale. C) victim scale and D) effects of bullying behavior on preparatory school students. The result of this study showed that more than half of students under study (56.75 %) sometimes perform social bullying behaviors, nearly half of them (44.75%) perform verbal bullying behaviors and less than half of students under study (41.75%) sometimes perform physical bullying. Also, about two fifth of students under study (39,75%) sometimes exposed to physical bullying behaviors and more than two fifth of them (45%) exposed to verbal bullying behaviors and 69% of them have moderate physical effect, also 59.25% of them were had moderate psychological effect and42.5 of them were had moderate social effect and moderate impact on academic achievement. Study concluded that preparatory school students sometimes perform (physical, verbal, and social) bullying behavior and male students were involved in bullying behavior more than female. More than two fifth of victimization exposed to verbal and social bullying. In addition, there was a highly statistically Significant relation between type of bullying and effects of bullying behavior. The study recommended designing and implementing a counseling program geared towards preparatory school students to guide them on how to avoid and/or deal with bullying behavior to prevent psychosocial problems and improve academic achievements.

The present study aimed to select an antigen of larvae showing both high antigenicity and cross-reactive binding abilities with other related antigens of larvae for obtaining a promising candidate vaccine antigen. The ELISA results primary concluded that among the excretory secretory (ES) and midgut (MG) antigens of the different larval instars of , MGL2 could be characterized as antigen which was able to reflect the highest level of antigenicity and cross-reactivity with the other tested antigens. The results were extended to spot the light on the relation between different protein bands in MGL2 and rabbit hyper- immune sera (HIS) raised against the other tested antigens using SDS-PAGE and Western blot technique. Analysis by SDS-PAGE of ES and MG antigens of the different larval instars of . revealed common protein bands at molecular weights of about 10, 12, 16, 20, 28, 33 and 46 kDa. Western blotting of MGL2 antigen transferred to nitrocellulose sheet revealed reaction by MGL2 HIS to five polypeptide bands; 20, 28, 33, 46 and 63 kDa. Three bands of 28, 33 and 63 kDa were the most prominent bands detected whereas; there was a weak reaction with bands of 20 and 46 kDa. But what was apparent in Western blot was a strong reaction of all tested HIS with a polypeptide band of 63 kDa. This band might be considered to be the main cause of cross reactive binding ability of MGL2 antigen that had been recorded previously in ELISA technique.