The abrupt change from a traditional classroom to online learning must have produced some issues, and many scholars were drawn in to investigate the reported challenges during online learning. There is, however, a paucity of research on secondary EFL teachers' perceptions of online learning challenges, notably in four major areas: technology use, instruction, assessment, and students. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive quantitative study is to examine secondary EFL teachers' perspectives of the challenges they encounter in dealing with the aforementioned issues.  The participants included 73 upper and lower secondary English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher. A closed-item questionnaire was deployed, with a total of 38 items addressing issues related to online learning challenges. The findings reveal that secondary EFL teachers in Indonesia reported medium-level challenges in teaching EFL online in terms of technology use, instruction, assessment, and students, whilst challenges in assessing students in online learning were identified as the highest. The results contribute to the advancement of English language education by providing literature on the development of EFL teachers.

Issues about education in the urban areas and rural areas are crucial in the Indonesian context. The reason is the differentiation of the quality of the Indonesia education across the country because of those areas. During their practice, English teachers in that area face many limitations that hinder the process of teaching and learning. This case study aimed to explore two English teachers’ challenges in teaching in rural areas of Indonesia and how they overcome those challenges to maximize their role as a teacher through their teaching reflection on interview and document analysis. This is significant for giving the teachers’ views on facing the challenges in every condition of teaching English and for giving a picture to the government about the real condition of teaching English in the rural areas. The result showed that English teachers tried to deal with their own teaching condition and institution, their students, and socio-cultural conditions around them. As the solution, teachers overcome those problems by strengthening their roles as a teacher and understanding social pedagogy. However, there is still a need for English teachers to get more training related to their job in teaching English in rural areas.

Despite its prominence, research on asynchronous learning addressing students' issues and coping strategies, particularly in Indonesian EFL context remains sparse. This study aimed to address the research gap and uncover the students' issues in an asynchronous English class and how they cope with these challenges. The data were collected through questionnaire distributed to 67 students at an Indonesian university. The findings indicated certain issues that arise during asynchronous English lesson. The students found that a poor internet connection, social media distraction, a lack of interaction between students and the teacher as well as among students, and a lack of opportunities to practice English as their primary learning barriers. The findings also revealed that the activities that students took to deal with these problems, making a smart move in asynchronous English class, was effective. Despite the numerous distractions, the students strove to maintain their focus on the materials. However, as their strategies in asynchronous English class, students did not attempt to contact their teacher to inquire about the materials, and they did not establish a timeframe and learning objective. Limitations and recommendation for future research are discussed.