The abrupt change from a traditional classroom to online learning must have produced some issues, and many scholars were drawn in to investigate the reported challenges during online learning. There is, however, a paucity of research on secondary EFL teachers' perceptions of online learning challenges, notably in four major areas: technology use, instruction, assessment, and students. Therefore, the purpose of this descriptive quantitative study is to examine secondary EFL teachers' perspectives of the challenges they encounter in dealing with the aforementioned issues.  The participants included 73 upper and lower secondary English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher. A closed-item questionnaire was deployed, with a total of 38 items addressing issues related to online learning challenges. The findings reveal that secondary EFL teachers in Indonesia reported medium-level challenges in teaching EFL online in terms of technology use, instruction, assessment, and students, whilst challenges in assessing students in online learning were identified as the highest. The results contribute to the advancement of English language education by providing literature on the development of EFL teachers.

Reflective practice is widely acknowledged as the most effective means to create effective teacher who wants to have better understanding of their works. It has been explicitly stated in western academic teacher education curriculum due to its significant impact on constructing life-long learning for teachers. However, this beneficial contribution of teachers’ professional development is not growing within the context of English as a foreign Language (EFL) teaching. Accordingly, this descriptive qualitative research aimed at (1) investigating teachers’ beliefs in teaching and learning English by utilizing reflective tools, and (2) attempting to identify whether or not their beliefs are implemented in their practices in which the reasons will also be explored. The data were gathered through interviews and classroom observations as the main source. Three English teachers were investigated to elicit their beliefs about teaching and learning. The findings showed years of teaching experiences and past experiences as a learner are the most arisen theme in which the initial facet strongly affects the way they perceive teaching, and the latter occurrence theme indirectly shape the teachers’ beliefs. As regards to the relation of their practices and their stated belief, however, not all of their beliefs were implemented in the classroom due to several factors such as the students’ factors, time-constraint, and the school obligations.

The outbreak of the deadly coronavirus at the end of 2019 (Covid-19) has pushed many education institutions to do a radical transformation by moving all forms of their services, particularly teaching from traditional face-to-face mode to completely online foreign language teaching. This research aims to investigate Indonesian students’ perception of online learning and the three most challenging problems they encountered when enrolling in it under the context of English as Foreign Language students. Based on a review of the literature on online learning and students’ perception, a questionnaire was constructed and distributed to 57 students that had enrolled in an online course via google form along with a question asking the three most challenging problems they encountered during the course. Analysis of the responses demonstrated that most of the students had a positive perception of online learning. The three most challenging problems the students encountered were signal (internet connection), money (financial ability), and comprehension (comprehending the course) respectively. The result indicates that online learning can be a reliable solution for the teaching and learning process during a pandemic. However, in applying it, the campus must consider an alternative solution for the students who live in the bad internet connection area. Supporting them with subsidies, or free internet packages can help them to keep studying during a hard time. Lastly, teachers must work hard to ensure that their teachings are understandable so that their students will not get lost during the learning process.

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During the process of writing an essay, many students are utilizing online translation tools like Google Translate due to the widespread availability of computing technology and the internet. Online translation programming is strong, yet it is inclined to over-exacting interpretation, and cannot represent the setting similar to a human interpreter. As a result, students are left to rely on a tool that promises to "do the hard work" for them by allowing them to only think and write in their native language. This study is aimed to determine the extent to which students at the University of Bengkulu, Indonesia, rely on technology in writing essays and whether they consider its use to be cheating or not. The data was obtained by conducting mixed-method research through survey with a closed-ended questionnaire and interview to the English Department students of Universitas Bengkulu who are currently taking a Critical Writing course. The results discovered that all of the participants have utilized GT as a translation tool for writing essays particularly to translate word from their first language into English. Moreover, they considered using GT for essay writing as cheating depending on how it is used; for graded assignments or writing test.