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Boukerche and Prof. Atia as my jury in this thesis. Their comments helped me to improve the quality of my thesis in the very last day this course of study. I would also like to acknowledge all the support received from my dear family (father, mother, sister, and recently my dear husband). Without them, none of this would have been possible. A special thanks to Ethan Ross, for all his cooperation. Last but certainly not least, I would like to acknowledge all of my teachers from my childhood primary school up to now and wish them all the best.