Anthocyanins are natural colorants belonging to the flavonoid family. They are widely distributed among flowers, fruits, and vegetables. Using the automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay developed in our laboratory, we determined the antioxidant capacity of 14 anthocyanins including the aglycons delphinidin, cyanindin, pelargonidin, malvidin, peonidin, and their derivatives with different sugar linkages. Among these anthocyanins, kuromanin (cyanidin-3-glucoside) had the highest ORAC activity, which was 3.5 times stronger than Trolox (vitamin E analogue), while pelargonin had the lowest antioxidant activity but was still as potent as Trolox. Different patterns of hydroxylation and glycosylation in anthocyanins appear to modulate their antioxidant properties. Therefore, in addition to their colorful characteristics, anthocyanins possess potent antioxidant properties.

Submillimeter single-crystal monolayer and multilayer graphene domains were prepared by an atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition method with suppressing nucleation on copper foils through an annealing procedure. A facile oxidation visualization method was applied to study the nucleation density and morphology of graphene domains on copper foils. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, polarized optical microscopy, and Raman spectra showed that the submillimeter graphene domains were monolayer single crystals.