Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) is a suitable agent for controlling Chironomus kiiensis, a major pest polluting water. In this study, laboratory bioassays were used to study toxicity and affecting factors of Bti on C. kiiensis larvae. Tests were conducted using three commercial Bti formulations (oil miscible suspension, 1,200 ITU/mL; wettable power, 1,200 ITU/mg; technical material, 5,000 ITU/mg) of Bti. The toxicity of Bti formulations to third and fourth instar C. kiiensis larvae was in decreasing order of technical material, oil miscible suspension, and wettable powder, based on the 12 and 24 hour LC50 values. Increasing larval densities (from 10 to 30 per bioassay cup) increased the LC50 values for fourth instar C. kiiensis larvae. The LC50 values for fourth instar larvae reared in sand substrate were higher than those from soil substrate, and autoclaved substrates significantly increased the LC50 values. The technical material of Bti at 12 and 24 hours responded similarly to changes in temperature between 30° C and 15° C, but the LC50 values at a range of tested temperatures showed distinct differences in time points.

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DESs based nanofluids were utilized for the first time as a medium for recycling lithium ion batteries. 100% liberation efficiency and doubled leaching efficiency compared to pristine DES were achieved under mild conditions.

Nanofluids have emerged as an important working fluid for various heat transfer and thermal energy transportation demands thanks to its promising thermal conductivity. While, poor static stability brought by segregation of nanoparticle heavily hinders its wide practical utilization. In this work, a novel “one-pot one-step” strategy was realized to generate a superior stable nanofluid which can stand uneventfully for at least 2 months without observation of any sedimentation with tetrabutyl titanate as a TiO2 precursor in glycerol/chlorine chloride deep eutectic solvents. Mechanism study reveals that the good stability of this nanofluid is mainly attributed to in situ formation protocol for which the inherent aggregation of TiO2 can be theoretically avoided. Meanwhile, thermophysical properties, such as viscosity, thermal conductivity, and rheological behavior, were comprehensively studied, which indicates that the obtained nanofluids exhibit a non-Newtonian shear thinning fluid behavior with a thermal conductivity enhancement ratio up to 9.0%. More importantly, photothermal conversion efficiency of the nanofluid could reach 51.2%, and the efficiency enhancement is 181.9% over the pristine deep eutectic solvents. This work paves a novel avenue for fabricating nanofluids with super static stability and gives a supplementary idea for “one-step” nanofluids preparation process.