Purpose The newly emerged coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) continues to infect humans, and no completely efficient treatment has yet been found. Antibody therapy is one way to control infection caused by COVID-19, but the use of classical antibodies has many disadvantages. Heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) are single-domain antibodies derived from the Camelidae family. The variable part of these antibodies (Nanobodies or VHH) has interesting properties such as small size, identify criptic epitopes, stability in harsh conditions, good tissue permeability and cost-effective production causing nanobodies have become a good candidate in the treatment and diagnosis of viral infections. Methods Totally 157 records (up to November 10, 2021), were recognized to be reviewed in this study. 62 studies were removed after first step screening due to their deviation from inclusion criteria. The remaining 95 studies were reviewed in details. After removing articles that were not in the study area, 45 remaining studies met the inclusion criteria and were qualified to be included in the systematic review. Results In this systematic review, the application of nanobodies in the treatment and detection of COVID-19 infection was reviewed. The results of this study showed that extensive and sufficient studies have been performed in the field of production of nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus and the obtained nanobodies have a great potential for use in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus. Conclusion According to the obtained results, it was found that nanobodies can be used effectively in the treatment and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 virus.

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Citrus fruits are one of the most popular sources of dietary flavonoids, such as hesperidin, hesperetin, naringin, naringenin, quercetin, rutin, diosmin, diosmetin, kaempferol, myricetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and so on. Flavonoids are polyphenols and aromatic bioactive compounds occurring in plants as secondary metabolites. These participate in various biochemical processes in the human body and help in promoting health. Citrus flavonoids are well-known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They promote wound healing and antimelanoma in addition to free radical scavenging, apoptosis, modulation of lipid metabolism, improvement of insulin sensitivity, and endothelial dysfunction. Citrus flavonoids serve as efficient therapeutics for treating various skin-related issues, such as skin aging/photoaging, skin pigmentation, and maintenance of overall healthy skin. This review is an attempt to compile relevant information from recently published articles addressing the roles of Citrus flavonoids in health-promoting activities, particularly skin health. In addition, it also provides a discussion on the recent progress in developing efficient topical delivery techniques to solve the challenge of flavonoids’ poor water solubility and limited permeability into the skin. The review aims to provide a better understanding of the current trends in research and development in Citrus flavonoid biochemistry and their usage in the production of plant-based medicinal and pharma-/nutraceuticals for topical applications.