Citrus is one of the main fruit crops cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Approximately half (40–47%) of the fruit mass is inedible and discarded as waste after processing, which causes pollution to the environment. Essential oils (EOs) are aromatic compounds found in significant quantities in oil sacs or oil glands present in the leaves, flowers, and fruit peels (mainly the flavedo part). Citrus EO is a complex mixture of ~400 compounds and has been found to be useful in aromatic infusions for personal health care, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, color enhancers in foods and beverages, and aromatherapy. The citrus EOs possess a pleasant scent, and impart relaxing, calming, mood-uplifting, and cheer-enhancing effects. In aromatherapy, it is applied either in message oils or in diffusion sprays for homes and vehicle sittings. The diffusion creates a fresh feeling and enhances relaxation from stress and anxiety and helps uplifting mood and boosting emotional and physical energy. This review presents a comprehensive outlook on the composition, properties, characterization, and mechanism of action of the citrus EOs in various health-related issues, with a focus on its antioxidant properties.

Citrus fruits are one of the most popular sources of dietary flavonoids, such as hesperidin, hesperetin, naringin, naringenin, quercetin, rutin, diosmin, diosmetin, kaempferol, myricetin, nobiletin, tangeretin, and so on. Flavonoids are polyphenols and aromatic bioactive compounds occurring in plants as secondary metabolites. These participate in various biochemical processes in the human body and help in promoting health. Citrus flavonoids are well-known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They promote wound healing and antimelanoma in addition to free radical scavenging, apoptosis, modulation of lipid metabolism, improvement of insulin sensitivity, and endothelial dysfunction. Citrus flavonoids serve as efficient therapeutics for treating various skin-related issues, such as skin aging/photoaging, skin pigmentation, and maintenance of overall healthy skin. This review is an attempt to compile relevant information from recently published articles addressing the roles of Citrus flavonoids in health-promoting activities, particularly skin health. In addition, it also provides a discussion on the recent progress in developing efficient topical delivery techniques to solve the challenge of flavonoids’ poor water solubility and limited permeability into the skin. The review aims to provide a better understanding of the current trends in research and development in Citrus flavonoid biochemistry and their usage in the production of plant-based medicinal and pharma-/nutraceuticals for topical applications.

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Objective: Healing of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis relies on the effective and modulates protective immune responses. Although the immune system is necessary to eliminate the parasite, it could be considered as the main cause of ulcers. Therefore, main aim of this study was to explore the possible regulatory functions of macrophage supernatant infected with Leishmania major on the fibroblast cells. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, different concentrations of infected macrophage supernatant extract (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250μg/mL) were tested at different times (6, 24, 48, and 72h) and the effect of the leishmanicidal extract on fibroblast cells was determined by MTS assay. Also, the flow-cytometry technique was used for the investigation of apoptosis induction percentage. Results: MTS assay showed that the leishmanicidal effect of infected macrophage supernatant extract was dependent on the concentration and the time of treatment. So, the best efficacy was observed in 200 μg/mL with 72 hours exposure time. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the infected macrophage supernatant extract could induce apoptosis in cultured fibroblasts. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that reduction of survival rate and induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts displayed a similar manner to keratinocytes when exposed to infected macrophages with L. major. Our data suggest that such a phenomenon can be the underlying cause of lesions with scarring, and future, the mechanism remains to be elucidated.

Cosmetics have always been in demand across the globe among people of all age groups. In the modern cosmetic world, nanostructured materials have proven hugely advantageous in producing cosmeceuticals or ‘nano-cosmeceuticals’ and various beauty products. The application of nanostructured materials in cosmetic products possesses some challenges in terms of short- and long-term safety and environmental issues, despite their growing popularity. The nanostructured particles in cosmeceuticals provide a targeted route of administration due to their high penetrability, site selectivity, high effectiveness, prolonged activity, and drug encapsulation potential. However, standard methods for toxicity evaluation may not be relevant for cosmeceuticals, leading to the need for an alternative methodology. This review article compiles detailed descriptions of all significant aspects of nanostructured materials in the cosmetics industry, which include the synthesis and characterization of relevant nanostructured materials for cosmeceuticals, state-of-the-art practices, mechanisms for the synthesis of advanced materials, toxicological concerns in terms of health risks in humans, and environmental concerns. Also, a proposal for new approaches in terms of regulatory measures to mitigate these problems has been suggested. The primary focus of this article is to provide a comprehensive outlook on this subject area and contribute to the exploration of new prospects and emerging roles of nanostructured materials in the cosmetics industry.