Sarcoidosis of the skin may have an extremely heterogeneous clinical presentation, so that the definitions of 'great imitator' and 'clinical chameleon' have long been used. There is, in fact, a large group of skin diseases that can enter the differential diagnosis with cutaneous sarcoid manifestations, either clinically or/and pathologically. As the clinical consequences and the prognosis of these groups of diseases are often very different, it is important to correctly plan the diagnostic workup. The diagnostic process in this case often presents a challenge as no single test is sufficiently specific, so that a certain diagnosis can be only made in the presence of a compatible clinical and radiographic picture, along with histopathological evidence of non-necrotizing, epithelioid cell granulomas, and exclusion of other potential aetiologies. For practical reasons, four main groups of skin conditions capable of mimicking sarcoidosis can be identified: (i) transmissible, infectious diseases; (ii) allergic and immunological manifestations of various aetiologies; (iii) granulomatous diseases of various aetiologies; and (iv) lymphomas and pseudolymphomas. The aim of this article is to describe the main clinical and histopathological findings of such disease entities, and to discuss the role of those features (morphological, pathological and laboratory) that can help distinguish them from sarcoidosis of the skin.
There has been a considerable debate over the merits of a pre- or intraoperative drainage of giant ovarian cysts, which represented a very frequent approach before definitive surgery in the past. Including our presented case of a 57-year-old woman with a 49 kg mucinous cystadenoma, 19 patients with giant ovarian cysts weighing more than 40 kg were reported in the literature since 1970. An incidence of 37% of malignant and low malignant potential tumors was found. Based on a critical evaluation of the medical courses and the discussed miscellaneous advantages and complications, we conclude that a pre- and intraoperative drainage should be avoided.
Ifosfamide is a prodrug that requires bioactivation by cytochrome P450 for antitumour activity. Up to now, little is known, to what extent in addition to the liver the ifosfamide metabolism may occur intratumorally. For this purpose, we investigated the expression of CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP2B6 in breast cancer tissue using Western Blotting. Ifosfamide turnover was determined by detection of metabolites of the ifosfamide 4-hydroxylation and N-dechloroethylation in tumour microsomal incubations using HPLC/UV and LC/MS. The results demonstrate that all mammary tumours (n ¼ 11) reveal CYP3A4 expression; contents varied from 0.5 to 63 pmol mg protein
À1. CYP2C9 (n ¼ 9) was present in all tested breast tumour samples, too, while CYP2B6 (n ¼ 10) protein could not be detected. All measured breast cancer microsomes (n ¼ 4) showed an ifosfamide N-dechloroethylation capacity in the range from 0.04 to 0.21 pmol min À1 mg protein
À1, while metabolites of the 4-hydroxylation could not be determined. In conclusion, the detected presence of CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 in breast tumours offers the possibility of intratumoral turnover of ifosfamide. For the first time in the literature, we could demonstrate a turnover of ifosfamide by microsomal preparations from human breast cancer tissue. A calculated modulation of intratumoral ifosfamide turnover could considerably influence its therapeutic efficiency.
Hintergrund: Offizielle Leitlinie, publiziert und koordiniert von der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (DGGG), der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (OEGGG) und der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (SGGG). Durch die Einführung laparoskopischer Operationen wurde die vaginale und abdominale Hysterektomie um 3 weitere Techniken ergänzt. Um die Indikationsfelder abzugrenzen, wurde die Leitlinie "Indikation und Methodik der Hysterektomie bei benignen Erkrankungen" initiiert. Organerhaltende Therapiealternativen wurden ebenfalls integriert. Methode: Die Leitlinie wurde durch ein repräsentatives Gremium von 26 Experten aus Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz unter strukturierter unabhängiger Moderation im Konsens erstellt. Die systematische Literatursuche und-bewertung zu Nutzen und Schaden der Therapiealternativen bei symptomatischem Uterus myomatosus, funktionellen Blutungsstörungen und Adenomyosis sowie ein Vergleich der Hysterektomieverfahren erfolgte bis 06/2014 in der Datenbank MEDLINE mit Fokus auf aggregierter Evidenz. Ergebnisse: Alle Formen der Hysterektomie sind in Studien mit einer hohen Zufriedenheit der Patientinnen verbunden. Der vaginalen Hysterektomie soll gegenüber der abdominellen, wenn möglich, der Vorzug gegeben werden. Ist die vaginale Hysterektomie nicht möglich, sollte die Möglichkeit einer laparoskopischen Hysterektomie geprüft werden. Die abdominale Hysterektomie sollte nur bei gesonderter Indikation durchgeführt werden. Für die organerhaltenden Alternativen wurde ebenfalls ein hoher Zufriedenheitsgrad festgestellt, allerdings können bei Belassen des Uterus Rezidive auftreten.
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