La indagación histórica sobre cuestiones ambientales tiene una larga tradición en Geografía, revitalizada recientemente a raíz de los debates por el deterioro de ambientes y recursos y la potenciación de riesgos. A ella se suma en las últimas décadas la Historia Ambiental, un campo afín en cuanto a preocupaciones y planteos. Bajo ese marco este artículo se interroga acerca de los principales aportes realizados sobre temas ambientales en clave histórica desde ambas áreas de estudio, más precisamente en cuanto a temas, perspectivas teórico-conceptuales y estrategias metodológicas (en el caso de la Geografía Histórica, tanto en la tradición más temprana como en las revisiones y renovaciones desarrolladas desde la década de 1980). La exploración desarrollada se concentra en una serie de autores y obras emblemáticas de la producción académica realizada al respecto en los Estados Unidos, Europa occidental y América Latina.
This article proposes a framework for the study of interactions between human societies and the natural world in the Isthmus of Panama, and the consequences of these interactions over time. It also wants to encourage a new reading of the best-known sources and authors associated with this issue – from the reports of early Spanish travelers to the writings of contemporary specialists such as Dolores Piperno, Richard Cooke, Omar Jaén Suárez, and Alfredo Castillero Calvo –, as well as the adoption of a new perspective on the deep origins of the environmental problems the country faces today. After a general characterization of the Isthmus’ ecoregions, the author proposes a historical periodization reflecting successive human strategies of interaction with the natural world, differentiated in terms of the technologies employed and the corresponding social relations; the expression of these strategies in environmental culture and values; modes of land management; and the impact of all this on the natural world. Special attention is given to the ecological footprint of interoceanic transit from the 16th century onward, and to the search of alternatives allowing more sustainable ways of relating to nature in Panama.
RESUMEN:El objetivo del trabajo es analizar el proceso de constitución de objetos y lugares como Patrimonio de la Humanidad, una figura que ha implementado la UNESCO, el principal organismo que interviene en los procesos de patrimonialización a nivel mundial. Nuestro argumento central es que el proceso de patrimonialización involucra la construcción de una red escalar en la que participan diferentes sujetos, situados en distintos lugares, con distintos intereses y objetivos. El estudio de la declaración de la Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy, Argentina) como Patrimonio de la Humanidad nos permitió comprender que ello sólo fue posible a través de negociaciones en que prácticas culturales globales se tornaron locales y prácticas culturales locales se tornaron globales. PALAVRAS CLAVES:Patrimonio de la Humanidad, redes escalares, global, local, Quebrada de Humahuaca. ABSTRACT:The aim of this paper is to analyze the process of constitution of objects and places as World Human Heritage, a figure created by UNESCO, the main agency that takes over heritage processes at world level. Our central argument is that heritage processes involves the construction of network scales in which different subjects with different interests and aims, situated in different places participate. The study of the constitution of Quebrada de Humahuaca (Jujuy, Argentina) as World Human Heritage let us understand that this heritage process was only possible through negotiations in which global cultural practices become local and local cultural practices become global . KEY-WORDS:Humanity World Heritage, , scales networks, global, local, Quebrada de Humahuaca Procesos de patrimonialización y relaciones escalaresEn los últimos años se asiste a un gran incremento en las propuestas de constitución de lugares y objetos en patrimonio histórico, cultural y natural, fundamentalmente bajo el auspicio y fomento de la UNESCO. En efecto, desde comienzos de la década del noventa el número de bienes patrimonializados por esa institución casi se ha triplicado: de 282, a fines de la década del ochenta, a 754, en el año 2004 (UNESCO, 2004.Al mismo tiempo, se registra un aumento en el interés por analizar los componentes, alcances y efectos de estas propuestas y procesos de patrimonialización. De hecho, dentro de la bibliografía es posible distinguir dos corrientes y líneas de trabajo. La primera, que parte de la incuestionabilidad
The successful negotiation of the 1977 Torrijos–Carter Treaty inaugurated a new historical era in the Republic of Panama. Politically, the implementation of the Treaty from 1979 to 1999 transformed what, since 1903, had been a protectorate of the United States into a fully sovereign republic. Economically, the integration of the canal into Panama´s internal economy, and that of the country in the global market, created new opportunities for the development of the country. The treaty also put an end to the dispute between Panama and the United States over the control of the rent and revenues produced by the canal, transferring it to the government of the Republic of Panama, and so creating an unprecedented source of resources for investment. More than forty years on, however, Panama faced a combination of sustained (but uncertain) economic growth, persistent social inequity, constant environmental degradation, obsolescence of its institutional system, and increasing internal political tensions, all expressions of the contradiction between the natural organization of the territory of Panama, and the spatial organization of its economy, society and government imposed and maintained since the European conquest of the 16th century. This contradiction is also aggravated by the dispute over control of the canal rent between different sectors of Panamanian society. In short, the country is in a transition stage in its development, which may lead it to overcome the contradiction in developing into a prosperous and equitable republic, or into increasing conflicts that may worsen the contradictions inherent to a centralist and authoritarian tradition of governance.
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