PURPOSE:Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis is a common disease worldwide. We aimed to establish a pragmatic program as a clinical decision rule for GAS pharyngitis diagnosis.MATERIALS AND METHODS:This article derived from a research project on children aged 6–15 years. Five hundred and seventy-one children met the enrollment criteria on whom throat culture and validities of clinical findings were assessed in positive and negative throat culture groups.RESULTS:Positive GAS throat culture group included 99 (17.3%) patients with a positive culture. Negative GAS throat culture group included 472 (82.6%) patients. Exudate or enlarged tender nodes each one had 63% and 68% sensitivity and 31.5% and 37.5% specificity with a high percentage of negative predictive value (NPV) 80.54% and 85.09%, respectively. Sequence test revealed validities of exudate plus enlarged nodes at 43.62% sensitivity and 57.19% specificity with 83% NPV.CONCLUSIONS:High NPV of 83% indicated that similar prevalence in the absence of either exudate or enlarged tender lymph nodes. Probability of GAS negative throat cultures among children suspected of GAS pharyngitis was 83% and would correctly not receive inopportune antibiotics.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most prevalent pediatric soft tissue malignancy. The early metastasis and recurrence of RMS, as well as the pain and bleeding induced by tumor compression, significantly compromise therapy efficacy and prognosis. In some cases, up to 37.7 percent of RMS spread to other parts of the body. Therefore, it is important to investigate the molecular pathways behind RMS in order to find a reliable target for the early detection and targeted treatment of this cancer. A microarray dataset of 63 RMS tissue samples and 63 control group samples was obtained and analyzed. GEO2R was able to detect genes that were differentially expressed miRNAs between rhabdomyosarcoma and normal tissue. Analysis of gene ontology ( molecular functions and biological processes) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways was conducted. Hub target genes of miRNAs were found through building an interaction network. Then we intersection between miRNAs RMS profile and miRnone of RMS. In RMS tumor tissues, 75 miRNAs were found to be up-regulated and 86 miRNAs were found to be down-regulated. According to the results of the gene ontology analysis, the functions of the cell cycle, retinal pigmented epithelium development, oxidative stress, cellular aging, and PI3K/AKT were the most significantly enriched. With 75 nodes and 1740 edges, hsa-miR-758-3p, hsa-miR-1908-3p, hsa-miR-127-5p and hsa-miR-6762-3p upregulated miRNAs and hsa-miR-1229-5p, hsa-miR-6831-5p, hsa-miR-4660, hsa-miR-3908, hsa-miR-1182, hsa-miR-6796-5p, hsa-miR-1180-3p, hsa-miR-519e-3p and hsa-miR-370-5p downregulated miRNAs were observed with miRnome of RMS. hsa-miR-410-3p were possibility role to invasion RMS tumor to retina. Our results show that RMS and normal tissue samples had varied miRNAs expression levels. As hsa-miR-410-3p and hsa-miR-127-5p have been hypothesized to play a role in the etiology of RMS, they should be studied in greater depth.

Background: Breastfeeding as a normal way provides all the nutrients for infant’s growth and development. World health organization (WHO) growth standards are definitely recommended for breastfed infants monitoring. We attempted to compare the growth of males and females exclusively breastfed infants founded on WHO standards and to assess whether the infant growth is consistent with the growth standard of WHO. Methods: Data was roundup from two surveys, a clinic owned by a physician and four public health organization instructed from 2011-2016 containing 500 healthy infants exclusively breastfed, aged birth up to 6 months, in northeastern Iran, Mashhad. Results: Growth criteria for male infants were significantly higher than females P<0001. Founded on WHO standards, the growth was different between female and male infant's weight at 1-2 months P=0.034. Moreover, height at birth and 5-6 months of age P=0.003 and <0.001. Furthermore, newborns’ head circumference P=0.003, and 4-5 months of age, P=0.019. There were no significant differences at the other months of age between growth indexes of males and females. Growth indexes in 70% of infants in these months of age were observed within normal range and similar to WHO standards, especially in male infants. Conclusion: Growth indexes were similar to WHO standards. However, in Iran, these breastfed growth standards are not respected. Implementing WHO standards may have important implications for child health programs, which leads to monitoring of correct growth of breastfed infants and preserving exclusive breastfeeding with developing nutritional intervention program.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any area, original work is properly cited.