We examined electrolyte imbalance and blood sugar levels in patients with COVID-19 who had no underlying disease. This cross-sectional study in a clinical center was performed in Kermanshah, west of Iran. All patients who had a record of magnesium (Mg 2+ ), potassium (K + ), sodium (Na+), and fasting blood sugar (FBS) tests in their clinical files at the time of admission to the hospital from April 21 to July 12, and didn't have a history of an underlying disease, were included in the study. Patients were divided into outpatient (as less severe COVID-19) and intensive care units (ICU) (as severe COVID-19). For statistical analysis of collected data, the SPSS software (version 16) was used. Among a total of 134 patients, 58 cases (24 ICU and 34 outpatients) were included in the study. The mean and median age was 56 and 62 years, respectively. From all included, 33 men (57%), 25 women (43%), 52 urban (89.7%), 6 rural (10.3%), 41 alive (70.7%), and 17 died (29.3%) were recorded. From all included patients, 49.1% hyperglycemia, 38% hyponatremia, 7.3% hypokalemia, and 32% hypomagnesemia were observed. Unlike the mean of age and the level of K+, there was a statistically significant difference between the outpatient and ICU groups in terms of Mg 2+ , Na + , and FBS (p < 0.05). Hyperglycemia and electrolyte imbalance in COVID-19 patients is feasible. Therefore, notice to measuring these cases and monitoring the patient can be effective in the treatment process and prevent the serious complications of the disease.

Objective To evaluate blood lipid profiles in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and to explore the association with disease severity. Methods This case–control study included patients with COVID-19, referred to two medical centers in Kermanshah, Iran (between July 2020 and December 2020), and healthy controls. Lipid profiles were evaluated in patients who were grouped according to severe (intensive care unit [ICU]), or less severe (outpatient), forms of COVID-19, and in healthy controls, and were compared among the three groups. Results A total of 132 participants were included, comprising ICU ( n = 49), outpatient ( n = 48) and control ( n = 35) groups. Mean cholesterol levels were lower in the patient groups than in controls; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were higher in the ICU group versus outpatients, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were lower in the ICU group versus outpatients. The frequency of diabetes and hypertension was higher in the ICU group than in the outpatient group. Furthermore, LDL-C level was associated with disease severity (odds ratio 0.966, 95% confidence interval 0.944, 0.989). Conclusion Lipid profiles differ between severe and less severe forms of COVID-19. LDL-C level may be a useful indicator of COVID-19 severity.

Background The most common endocrine and metabolic disorders in premenopausal women is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), characterized by hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and/or ultrasound evidence of small ovarian cysts. Obesity and insulin resistance are also the main factors influencing the clinical manifestations of this syndrome. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most typical progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the brain, and recent studies suggest a relationship between endocrinal dysregulation and neuronal loss during AD pathology. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the common risk factors for Alzheimer’s and PCOS based on previous studies. Knowing the common risk factors and eliminating them may prevent neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease in the future. Method In this narrative review, international databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and the Web of Science, were searched to retrieve the relevant studies. The relevant studies’ summaries were categorized to discuss the possible pathways that may explain the association between Alzheimer’s and PCOS signs/symptoms and complications. Results According to our research, the factors involved in Alzheimer’s and PCOS disorders may share some common risk factors. In patients with PCOS, increased LH to FSH ratio, decreased vitamin D, insulin resistance, and obesity are some of the most important factors that may increase the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.