Our previous study has confirmed that Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS 1.0738 (La KLDS 1.0738) could alleviate β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg)-induced allergic inflammation.This study further explored its molecular regulation mechanism through an in vitro macrophage model. β-Lg-induced macrophages were treated with strains of viable or non-viable L. acidophilus and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor or miR-146a inhibitor. Our results revealed that β-Lg stimulation led to the increased expression of TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway in macrophages. Similar to TLR4 inhibitor treatment, La KLDS 1.0738 interventions significantly reduced the allergic inflammation by inhibition of TLR4 pathway, which was superior to the commercial L. acidophilus GMNL-185 strains (La GMNL-185) or the control, especially in living L. acidophilus-treated group. Furthermore, La KLDS 1.0738 strains could remarkably reduce transduction of TLR4 and inflammatory cytokine production, which was closely associated with up-regulation of miR-146a levels. MiR-146a inhibitor attenuated the alleviative effect of La KLDS 1.0738, indicating miR-146a might be a crucial mediator of L. acidophilus strains to reduce β-Lg-induced inflammation in macrophages through TLR4 pathway.In conclusion, these observations highlighted that probiotics might regulate host miRNA levels to down-regulate TLR4/NF-κB-dependent inflammation. Practical applicationsCow's milk allergy (CMA) is one of the most common diseases of food allergy, which has a high prevalence in infants and young children. La KLDS 1.0738 has been shown to be effective in alleviating β-Lg-induced allergic inflammation. Our study further found that treatment with La KLDS 1.0738 could suppress the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway via modulating miR-146a expression, thereby reducing the overexpression of downstream inflammatory factors. This study not only elucidates the specific pathway of La KLDS 1.0738 to relieve allergic inflammation, but also provides a new insight into the molecular mechanism for the remission and treatment of CMA by probiotics.

Lactobacillus fermentum HY01 is a probiotic strain screened from traditional yak yogurt, which can effectively relieve enteritis and constipation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of HY01 as an adjunct starter on the quality and storage of yak yogurt. A total of 36 main volatile flavor substances were detected in all samples. In particular, more aldehydes, esters, and alcohols were detected in yak yogurt prepared by mixed fermentation of L. fermentum HY01 and starter MY105 (including Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus). The rheological results showed that the yak yogurt prepared by mixed fermentation of L. fermentum HY01 and starter MY105 had higher apparent viscosity and lower tan δ value compared with compared with traditional yak yogurt, yak yogurt with only L. fermentum HY01, and cow yogurt with L. fermentum HY01 and starter MY105. Meanwhile, the conjugated linoleic acid in the yak yogurt prepared by mixed fermentation of L. fermentum HY01 and starter was significantly higher than those in the HY01 group or the yogurt starter group alone. After 28 d of storage at 4°C, the number of HY01 in the yak yogurt prepared by mixed fermentation of L. fermentum HY01 and starter was still higher than 10 7 cfu/mL, its acidity was lower than 110°T, and its syneresis was the lowest. The results indicated that L. fermentum HY01 could improve the flavor, texture, and storage properties of yak yogurt.

Milk is a significant component of the human diet, providing an abundance of energy and nutrients and a variety of functional factors. Recent studies have revealed that milk is highly...

L. plantarum 1.0386 could repair the intestinal epithelial tight junction injury, and the present study was designed to further explore the role of its postbiotics, including surface protein (1.0386-Slp), peptidase...

Bovine milk-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been proved to have positive effects on innate immunity and intestinal health. However, the effect of different processing treatments on the biological function of...