No abstract

New chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (Ch-Cl) ion-selective electrodes (conventional type) based on ion associates, chlordiazepoxidium-phosphomolybdate (I) and chlordiazepoxidium-phosphotungstate (II), were prepared. The electrodes exhibited mean slopes of calibration graphs of 59.4 mV and 60.8 mV per decade of (Ch-Cl) concentration at 25˚C for electrodes (I) and (II), respectively. Both electrodes could be used within the concentration range 3.16 × 10 -6 -1 × 10 -2 M (Ch-Cl) within the pH range 2.0 -4.5. The standard electrode potentials were determined at different temperatures and used to calculate the isothermal coefficients of the electrodes, which were 0.00139 and 0.00093 V ˚C -1 for electrodes (I) and (II), respectively. The electrodes showed a very good selectivity for Ch-Cl with respect to the number of inorganic cations, amino acids and sugars. The electrodes were applied to the potentiometric determination of the chlordiazepoxide ion and its pharmaceutical preparation under batch and flow injection conditions. Also, chlordiazepoxide was determined by conductimetric titrations. Graphite, copper and silver coated wires were prepared and characterized as sensors for the drug under investigation.

New cetirizinium (Cet) ion selective PVC membrane electrodes of both conventional and coated graphite types based on the ion-pair of cetirizine with tetraphenylborate are prepared. Both electrodes exhibited a mean calibration plot slope of 66.8 mVy (Cet) Outside the working pH-ranges, the potential value decreases due to formation of diprotonated species on the acidic side and to formation of the free base on the alkaline side. The standard electrode potentials are determined at different temperatures and used to calculate the isothermal coef®cient of the electrode (0.000875 Vy C). The electrode shows a very good selectivity for Cet-HCl 2 with respect to a large number of inorganic cations and sugars where selectivity coef®cients ranging between 7.0610 À5 and 3.1610 À3 were obtained. The standard addition method is successfully applied to determine Cet-HCl 2 in pure solutions and in cetirizine dihydrochloride-containing tablets.

New amineptine hydrochloride (Am-Cl) ion-selective electrodes (conventional type) based on amineptinium-tetraphenylborate (I) and amineptiniumphosphomolybdate (II) were prepared. The electrodes exhibited mean slopes of calibration graphs of 57.9 mV and 53.8 mV per decade of (Am-Cl) concentration at 25 C for electrodes (I) and (II), respectively. The electrodes can be used within the concentration range 3.16Â10 À5 À10 À2 M (Am-Cl) at a pH range of 2.0±3.9 for both electrodes. The standard electrode potentials were determined at different temperatures and used to calculate the isothermal coef®cients of the electrodes, which were 0.00172 V C À1 and 0.00091 V C À1 for (I) and (II) electrodes, respectively. The electrodes showed a very good selectivity for (Am-Cl) with respect to a number of inorganic cations and sugars. The standard addition method is successfully applied to determine (Am-Cl) in pure solutions and in amineptine-containing tablets.

We report usefulness of ultrasound used as an adjunct diagnostic tool to mammogram in routine annual checkup for women breasts of certain ages and breast mass. The purpose of breast imaging is to detect areas of tissue distortion and breast cancers. A mammogram is the common diagnostic imaging modality used to find breast diseases but sometimes the mammogram might not give the doctor enough information especially in women with dense breasts. As a result, the patient may be asked to undergo ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging as a better mean of judgment to the case. Because ultrasound is widely used, simple and safe to patients we were encouraged to emphasis on exploring its role adjunct to mammogram. A retrospective observation study was done at the diagnostic radiology department at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) in the period from January 2012 to June 2012; we covered all women with dense breasts in mammography and ultrasound units. The study group was 40 patients. All patients were imaged with both mammography and ultrasound. The statistical measures of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were calculated using the SPSS program. The results we obtained suggest that age and the physical density of breast potentially affect mammogram images of women with 41 years or smaller with sensitivity 66% and specificity 68%. Therefore, we recommend using ultrasound alongside the mammogram in women with dense breast for better diagnosis of small cancers that were not identified on mammography or clinical breast examination alone.