Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus) constitutes the main part of the human skin microbiota. It is widespread in hospitals and among medical staff, resulting in being an emerging microbe causing nosocomial infections. S. haemolyticus, especially strains that cause nosocomial infections, are more resistant to antibiotics than other coagulase-negative Staphylococci. There is clear evidence that the resistance genes can be acquired by other Staphylococcus species through S. haemolyticus. Severe infections are recorded with S. haemolyticus such as meningitis, endocarditis, prosthetic joint infections, bacteremia, septicemia, peritonitis, and otitis, especially in immunocompromised patients. In addition, S. haemolyticus species were detected in dogs, breed kennels, and food animals. The main feature of pathogenic S. haemolyticus isolates is the formation of a biofilm which is involved in catheter-associated infections and other nosocomial infections. Besides the biofilm formation, S. haemolyticus secretes other factors for bacterial adherence and invasion such as enterotoxins, hemolysins, and fibronectin-binding proteins. In this review, we give updates on the clinical infections associated with S. haemolyticus, highlighting the antibiotic resistance patterns of these isolates, and the virulence factors associated with the disease development.

Warts are common skin infections with both physical and psychological impacts. 1 It is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is an icosahedral nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA virus which can cause a variety of skin presentations according to its type, site, and the immune status. Nongenital warts may be presented as common, plane, planter, filiform, or mucosal warts. The prevalence of skin warts is between 2.4% and 12.9%. 2 Researchers are still trying to find an ideal treatment modality for warts which should be curative, painless, without side effects, and with no recurrence. Current treatment options include topical,

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BACKGROUND Melasma is a common acquired disorder of hyperpigmentation which is difficult to treat. OBJECTIVE We aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combined microneedling with trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of melasma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Forty women with facial melasma were included and randomly classified into 2 groups. Group A included 20 patients treated with bimonthly session of trichloroacetic acid 25% peeling (8 sessions) combined with a monthly session of microneedling (4 sessions). Group B included the other 20 patients that were treated by bimonthly trichloroacetic acid 25% peeling session (8 sessions) alone. RESULTS After 1 and 3 months of treatment, the mean melasma area and severity index, modified melasma area and severity index, and melasma severity index scores showed significant improvement in each group (p , .05 for each). At 1 and 3 months, the mean percentages of change of all scores were significantly higher in group A than group B (p , .05). CONCLUSION Combined trichloroacetic acid peel with microneedling is effective and a safe option for treating melasma.