Purpose: This study analyzed the bibliometric characteristics of flipped classroom publications in the Social Science Citation Index and Science Citation Index Expanded from 2000 to 2019. Methods: The terms related to “flipped classroom” and “inverted learning” were the keywords for searching journal articles on January 3, 2020. Results: There are 645 articles (including 33 early-access articles), representing 1,938 authors in the 210 journals scanned. The United States, China, and Taiwan were three leading countries/regions in this field. In the top 10 countries, to 10 institutions, the top eight most-cited journals were identified by either the number of publications or the number of citations. Hot-spot themes from the 24 highly-cited articles and author keyword co-occurrence analysis focus on empirical research in the flipped classroom, the overall feasibility of the flipped classroom course design and practical model, and students’ performances, and student-regulated learning (active learning and readiness) outcomes. Conclusion: TThe results indicate that the United States dominated flipped classroom research, originating most of the highly-cited articles, having more prolific authors, and presenting the most-cited institutions. Furthermore, little research has been undertaken into arriving at an understanding of evidentiary effectiveness or consistency in a flipped classroom. Based on the trends identified, we need a call for more specific types of research into the effectiveness of flipped classroom studies and systematic reviews.

A skeletal mechanism (144 species) and a corresponding reduced mechanism (62 species) were developed on the basis of the most recent detailed n-heptane mechanism by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories (LLNL, version 3.1, 2012) (Mehl et al., 2011, “Kinetic Modeling of Gasoline Surrogate Components and Mixtures Under Engine Conditions,” Proc. Combust. Inst., 33, pp. 193–200), in order to assess the mechanism's performance under various practical combustion conditions. These simplified mechanisms were constructed and validated under shock tube conditions. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3D CFD) simulations with both simplified mechanisms were conducted for the following modeling applications: ignition quality tester (IQT), diesel engine, and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine. In comparison with experimental data, the simulation results were found satisfactory under the diesel condition but inaccurate for both the IQT and HCCI conditions. For HCCI, the intake temperature used in the simulation had to be increased 30 K in order to be consistent with the engine data provided by Guo et al. (2010, “An Experimental and Modeling Study of HCCI Combustion Using n-Heptane,” ASME J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power, 132(2), 022801). Exploration of possible causes is conducted leading to the conclusion that refinement in the mechanism is needed for accurate prediction of combustion under IQT and HCCI conditions.

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