Abstract-The objective of this study is to use game based programming to facilitate the teaching of debugging for novice programmers. The programing errors which novice programmers frequently committed were involved in the game programs. Worksheets were designed to guide students how to apply debugging strategies to find these errors and correct them. The debugging practices include the programming concepts of variable assignments, boolean statements, if statements and loop statements. Forty-one senior high school students participated in this experiment for six weeks including pre-and post-achievement test. The data including programming achievement test, debugging self-efficacy and questionnaire results were collected and examined. Though students' debugging self-efficacy wasn't significantly enhanced after the experiment, the paired-samples T test results show that this model of debugging practices was effective in improving students' programming concepts. Furthermore, students showed positive attitudes to this learning model and programming learning in the future.Index Terms-Computer science education, debugging practice, game-based programming, scratch.

Studies have shown aspirin decreases the risk of some cancers. However, the evidence reported the association between aspirin and cancer risk in the diabetic population. In this study, we investigate whether aspirin and dipyridamole decrease the risk of cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 5308 patients with type 2 diabetes were identified by the National Health Insurance from 1998 to 2000 and followed up until 2013. The demographic characteristics among nondipyridamole nor aspirin, aspirin, and dipyridamole users were analyzed by using the χ(2) test. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to determine the independent effects of no aspirin nor dipyridamole, aspirin, and dipyridamole users on the risk of different cancer. After adjustment with multiple covariates, both low and high doses of aspirin and dipyridamole decrease liver cancer with risk ratios of 0.56 (95% CI, 0.37–0.83), 0.14 (95% CI, 0.05–0.39), 0.61 (95% CI, 0.38–0.99), and 0.28 (95% CI, 0.12–0.66), respectively. Both low and high doses of aspirin decrease any types of cancer with risk ratios of 0.79 (95% CI, 0.64–0.98) and 0.49 (95% CI, 0.34–0.70), respectively. Therefore, we conclude aspirin may decrease any types of cancer and liver cancer, and dipyridamole may decrease the risk of liver cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus has become a global pandemic and a major cause of death. Five million adults died from diabetes in 2017, accounting for 9.9% of all causes of mortality globally. 1 In Taiwan, diabetes was the fifth leading cause of death from 2016 to 2018, just behind malignancy, cardiovascular disease, pneumonia and cerebrovascular disease. 2 A nationwide survey in 2014 reported life expectancies of 39.6 and 33.4 years among women and men, respectively, in whom diabetes was diagnosed at the age of 40 years, which were 2.6 and 3.2 years less than in the general population. 3 It is well known that atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of mortality for individuals with diabetes. 4 Patients with macrovascular diseases are at increased risk of death caused by ASCVD due to the pre-existing atherosclerotic lesions; however, it is questionable whether the patients with microvascular disease are also at high risk for mortality from ASCVD. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of in-hospital death of patients with type 2 diabetes with