Biodegradable nanomaterials have been widely used in numerous medical fields. To further improve such efforts, this study focused on the intracellular disposition of chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) in macrophages, a primary cell of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Such interactions with the MPS determine the nanoparticle retention time in the body and consequently play a significant role in their own clinical safety. In this study, various dye-labeled CsNPs (about 250 nm) were prepared, and a murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) was selected as a model macrophage. The results showed two mechanisms of macrophage incorporation of CsNPs, ie, a clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway (the primary) and phagocytosis. Following internalization, the particles partly dissociated in the cells, indicating cellular digestion of the nanoparticles. It was proved that, after intracellular uptake, a large proportion of CsNPs were exocytosed within 24 h; this excretion induced a decrease in fluorescence intensity in cells by 69%, with the remaining particles possessing difficulty being cleared. Exocytosis could be inhibited by both wortmannin and vacuolin-1, indicating that CsNP uptake was mediated by lysosomal and multivesicular body pathways, and after exocytosis, the reuptake of CsNPs by neighboring cells was verified by further experiments. This study, thus, elucidated the fate of CsNPs in macrophages as well as identified cellular disposition mechanisms, providing the basis for how CsNPs are recognized by the MPS; such information is crucial to numerous medical applications of CsNPs.

Liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide-in-water (C/W) and water-in-carbon dioxide (W/C) macroemulsions (Pickering emulsions) stabilized by fine particles were created in a high-pressure batch reactor. C/W macroemulsions form when hydrophilic particles, such as pulverized limestone, sand, flyash, shale, and lizardite, a rock rich in magnesium silicate, are used as stabilizers; W/C macroemulsions form when hydrophobic particles, such as Teflon powder, activated carbon, carbon black, and pulverized coal, are used as stabilizers. C/W macroemulsions form with both liquid and supercritical CO2. C/W macroemulsions consist of dispersed droplets of liquid or supercritical CO2 sheathed with particles in water; W/C macroemulsions consist of droplets of water sheathed with particles dispersed in liquid CO2. The sheathed droplets are called globules. The globule diameter is largely dependent on the shear force imparted by mixing the two fluids, CO2 and H2O. The particle size needs to be adjusted to the dispersed droplet diameter; a practical ratio was found to be 1:20. In a batch reactor with a magnetic stir bar rotating at 1300 rpm, liquid CO2 produced typical globule diameters in the 200−300 μm range, whereas supercritical CO2 produced smaller globules, in the 100−150 μm range.

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Nonlinear optical materials are one of the key research objects in the field of optics, which mainly research the nonlinear effects of the interaction between luminesce and matter. Compared with inorganic nonlinear optical materials, organic nonlinear materials have outstanding advantages: strong adaptability, high flexibility, low cost, easy modification and damage resistance. In this review, the electric field induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) experimental technology is used to measure and research the nonlinearity of iridium metal complexes. And because of its structural diversity, people can design molecules according to their needs to get the best nonlinear optical response. Organic molecules with large nonlinear coefficients should have the following characteristics: asymmetric charge distribution, the delocalized nature of π electrons, and easy polarization by external electric fields, and a large π conjugated system. In recent years, metal organic compounds have become a leader in the field of optics, mainly because of their very good nonlinear optical properties. In the future, people will do more investigation on the nonlinearity of metal organic complexes. Researchers have shown great interest in iridium metal organic complexes due in particular to their attractive stability and nonlinear activity. This review mainly studies the nonlinear principle, performance test and Measurement of nonlinearity of iridium metal complexes. The nonlinear properties of other metal-metal organic complexes will not be discussed.

C24H18CuN12S2, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 4), a = 11.038(2) Å, b = 8.9312(18) Å, c = 16.083(5) Å, β = 125.66(2)°, V = 1288.2(6) Å3, Z = 2, R gt (F) = 0.0265, wR ref (F 2) = 0.0974, T = 293 K.