BackgroundUrinary macromolecules contribute to promoting or inhibiting crystal retention in renal tissue and stone formation. Osteopontin (OPN) and Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP) are the most important proteins involved in this process. Although these two proteins were discovered a long time ago, their role in setting kidney stone formation has not yet been fully investigated. We conducted a study to explore the role of OPN and THP in canine renal oxalosis. Ten dogs were carefully examined prior to the study. Six dogs were assigned to the treatment group and were injected intravenously with 0.5 M potassium oxalate (KOx). The other four dogs were assigned to a control group and were injected intravenously with 0.9% NaCl three times a day (tid) for 7 consecutive days. Then kidneys were harvested for pathological, immunohistochemical examination and OPN and THP mRNA expression levels were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR.ResultsCalcium oxalate crystals deposition was observed in both renal cortex and medulla. Immunohistochemistry examination revealed increased tissue expression of OPN in the renal tissue while THP was significantly decreased. OPN mRNA expression level significantly increased in treated dogs compared to that in the controls, while THP mRNA level significantly decreased.ConclusionTogether, these results suggest that THP and OPN are both involved in the pathogenesis and response to oxalate exposure.

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Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics, we investigate the mechanisms of thermal transport across SiC/graphene sheets. In simulations, 3C-, 4H-, and 6H-SiC are considered separately. Interfacial thermal resistances between Bernal stacking graphene sheets and SiC (Si- or C-terminated) are calculated at the ranges of 100 K~700 K. The results indicate, whether Si-terminated or C-terminated interface, the interfacial thermal resistances of 4H- and 6H-SiC have similar trends over temperatures. Si-terminated interfacial thermal resistances of 3C-SiC are higher than those of 4H- and 6H-SiC in a wide temperature range from 100 K to 600 K. But, for C-rich interface, this range is reduced from 350 K to 500 K.

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