Plastic waste has recently been identified as one of the most serious environmental issues, affecting all life forms, natural habitats, and the economy, and is one of the most serious global environmental problems, second only to climate change. Seeking alternative environmentally sustainable options, such as biodegradation instead of conventional disposal, is critical in the face of this challenge. However, there is currently a lack of information about the mechanisms and efficacy of plastic biodegradation. From this perspective, this study aims to illustrate the negative environmental impacts of the plastic waste. It also addresses the role of insects and gut microbiota in the degradation of plastics, emphasizing the important role they will play in the future.

Mango is king of fruits and grown in various countries including Pakistan. The production of mango fruits in Pakistan is low due to attack of various insect pests especially fruit flies. Fruit flies are the major issue in the mango production. Fruit flies are considered as quarantine and key pests of Agricultural and horticultural crops causing huge losses in crop production. The current study was conducted at a farmer field in Bahawalnagar, to monitor the population of fruit flies installingdifferent traps like bottle, jar,and pheromones traps (methyl eugenol) in mango orchards. Data were recorded from January,2020-December, 2020. The results showed that maximum population of male fruit flies was captured in pheromones traps while minimum in jar traps. The population of fruit flies was emerged in month of April and no population was recorded in first three month and last one month of study. The June and July were the most favorable months for fruit fly attack on mango while December was least.Pheromones traps which are installed at 12 feet height from the ground surface captured 99% fruit fly population while lowest 30% population were captured at 4 feet height.Methyl eugenol trap were more effectiveto capture maximum population of fruit flies among tested traps. It can prove effective trap in controlling pest population in the mango orchards globally especially in Pakistan

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Wheat Triticum aestivum L. is grown on broad range of climatic conditions because of edible grains, cereal crop and stable food of about 2 Billion peoples worldwide. Additionally, it is the rich source of carbohydrates (55–60%), vegetable proteins and contributed 50–60% daily dietary requirement in Pakistan. Globally, wheat crops is grown over 90% area of total cultivated area; facing devastating biotic and abiotic factors. The estimated economic losses in wheat quantity and quality are about 4 thousands per tonne per year including physical crop losses and handling. Economic losses of about 80–90 million USD in Pakistan are recorded due to inadequate production and handling losses. Wheat agro-ecosystem of the world colonizes many herbivore insects which are abundant and causing significant losses. The feeding style of the insects made them dispersive from one habitat to another imposing significant crop loss. Areas of maximum wheat production are encountered with either insect which chew the vegetative as well as reproductive part or stem and root feeders. This chapter provides the pest’s taxonomic rank, distribution across the globe, biology and damage of chewing and sucking insect pest of wheat. It is very important to study biology of the pest in accordance with crop cycle to forecast which insect stage is economically important, what the proper time to manage pest is and what type of control is necessary to manage crop pest. The chapter will provide management strategies well suited to pest stage and environment.

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